brain mechanisms and behavior

Question 1

philosopher believed in the “mind & body exist as aspects of the same entity” theory

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

philosopher(s) believed in the “mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately” theory

Answer 2

Renee Descartes and Leibniz

Question 3

behaviorist who moved away from consideration of the spiritual/mental

Answer 3

John B. Watson

Question 4

the nervous system is divided into

Answer 4

central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 5

the central nervous system consists of

Answer 5

brain and spinal cord

Question 6

the peripheral nervous system is divided into

Answer 6

sensory division and motor division

Question 7

the motor division of the PNS is divided into

Answer 7

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

Question 8

the autonomic nervous system is divided into

Answer 8

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 9

the early name of the forebrain (cerebrum)?

Answer 9

prosencephalon

Question 10

the early name of the midbrain?

Answer 10

mesencephalon

Question 11

the early name of the hindbrain (brainstem + cerebellum)?

Answer 11

rhombencephalon

Question 12

the prosencephalon is divided into

Answer 12

telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 13

the telencephalon consists of

Answer 13

cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres

Question 14

the diencephalon consists of

Answer 14

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 15

the mesencephalon consists of

Answer 15

tectum, tegmentum, corpora quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles

Question 16

the rhombencephalon is divided into

Answer 16

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 17

the metencephalon consists of

Answer 17

cerebellum and pons

Question 18

the myelencephalon consists of

Answer 18

medulla oblongata

Question 19

the forebrain consists of

Answer 19

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus (limbic system)

Question 20

the midbrain consists of

Answer 20

tectum and tegmentum

Question 21

the hindbrain consists of

Answer 21

cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 22

what is the cerebral cortex? what lobes does it consist of

Answer 22

• largest part of the brain, associated with higher brain functions
• consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

Question 23

what is the frontal lobe responsible for? (5)

Answer 23

• reasoning / planning
• parts of speech
• movements
• emotions
• problem solving

Question 24

what is the parietal lobe responsible for? (3)

Answer 24

• controls movement
• orientation
• recognition

Question 25

what is the occipital lobe responsible for? (2)

Answer 25

- visual perception - processing

Question 26

what is the temporal lobe responsible for? (4)

Answer 26

- control perception - recognition of auditory stimuli - memory and speech

Question 27

why is the cerebral cortex very wrinkled in shape?

Answer 27

the brain is more efficient because there is an increase in surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it

Question 28

what is the right brain hemisphere responsible

Answer 28

creativity

Question 29

what is the left brain hemisphere responsible

Answer 29

logical abilities

Question 30

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 30

a bundle of axons that connects the two brain hemispheres together

Question 31

what is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 31

- regulation and coordination of movement - posture and balance

Question 32

what is the limbic system and what does it consist of?

Answer 32

- known as the emotional brain - consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 33

what is the thalamus responsible for?

Answer 33

a centre for pain perception

Question 34

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 34

- to regulate homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger - the control of the autonomic nervous system

Question 35

what is the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 35

involved in memory, emotion, fear

Question 36

where is the amygdala located?

Answer 36

- part of the telencephalon - located in the temporal lobe

Question 37

what is the hippocampus responsible for?

Answer 37

- learning, memory - converting short-term memory into long-term memory

Question 38

what is the brainstem? what is it responsible for?

Answer 38

- most simple part of brain - underneath the limbic system - responsible for breathing, heart beat, blood pressure

Question 39

what is the midbrain responsible for?

Answer 39

vision, hearing, eye movement / body movement

Question 40

what are the medulla and pons responsible for?

Answer 40

have centers of vital functions such as breathing / heart beat

Question 41

a neuron's _____ is what distinguishes it from other cells

Answer 41

shape

Question 42

every branching of the neuronal axon, it has a terminal button at the end also called the _____ where chemicals are released

Answer 42

pre-synaptic end

Question 43

the messages that are sent through the axon, from the body to the terminal button, are called ______?

Answer 43

action potentials

Question 44

what are the two structures the peripheral nervous system consists of?

Answer 44

nerves and ganglia

Question 45

what are nerves?

Answer 45

- an enclosed (cable-like) bundle of axons - provide a pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons to the peripheral organs

Question 46

what are ganglia?

Answer 46

the lumps that are attached to nerves and contain the somas of neurons

Question 47

which neurons help carry information to the central nervous system from the periphery?

Answer 47

afferent neurons

Question 48

which neurons help carry information away from the CNS and towards the periphery?

Answer 48

efferent neurons

Question 49

most neurons can anatomically be characterized in 4 ways, what are they?

Answer 49

- unipolar - bipolar - multipolar - anaxonic

Question 50

dendrite and axon emerging from same process

Answer 50

unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron

Question 51

axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma

Answer 51

bipolar neuron

Question 52

two or more dendrites, separate from the axon

Answer 52

multipolar neuron

Question 53

axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

Answer 53

anaxonic neuron

Question 54

what are neuroglia?

Answer 54

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 55

in the CNS, glial cells include

Answer 55

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

Question 56

in the PNS, glial cells include

Answer 56

schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 57

astrocytes

Answer 57

- have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply - form the brain blood barrier - regulate the external chemical environment of neurons

Question 58

oligodendrocytes

Answer 58

produce the myelin sheath

Question 59

ependymal cells

Answer 59

involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 60

shwann cells

Answer 60

- provide myelination to axons in the PNS - have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neuron

Question 61

satellite cells

Answer 61

help regulate the external chemical environment

Question 62

function of the myelin sheath

Answer 62

provides insulation to the axon that allows electric signals to propagate more efficiently

Question 63

acetylcholine

Answer 63

- voluntary muscle control - parasympathetic NS - attention/alertness

Question 64

epinephrine (and norepinephrine)

Answer 64

- fight-or-flight responses - wakefulness/alertness

Question 65

dopamine

Answer 65

smooth movements, postural stability

Question 66

serotonin

Answer 66

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

Question 67

GABA

Answer 67

brain stabilization

Question 68

endorphins

Answer 68

natural painkillers