Brain, Mind, and Behavior Exam #5

Question 1

reinforcement

Answer 1

an event that increases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 2

punishment

Answer 2

an event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 3

fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 3

a reinforcer is delivered after a set number of responses. This schedule produces rapid and steady learning, but the behacior stops quickly after reinforcement ends

Question 4

variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 4

a reinforcer is delivered after a varying number of correct responsses occurs. this schedule leads to lasting behaviors changes

Question 5

fixed interval reinforcement

Answer 5

a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed period of time has elapsed. behavior increases rapidly just before the anticipated reinforcer occurs and then remains low until the reinforcer is due

Question 6

variable-interval reinforcement

Answer 6

the first response that occurs after a time period has elapased is reinforced. it produces a steadier stream of bejavior than fized interval reinforcement

Question 7

Steps to encoding towards long term memory

Answer 7

1. sensory information that
   enters is encoded in short-term memory (STM).
2. If the information is
   rehearsed or used, it may put into long-term
   memory (LTM), lasting for
   minutes up to a lifetime.

Question 8

tachistoscope

Answer 8

an instrument that is used for exposing objects to the eye for a very brief measured period of time. (different times to look at how much time sensory info needs to be shown for short term memory to remember)

Question 9

whats the duration of short term memory

Answer 9

about 30 seconds

Question 10

capacity of short term memory

Answer 10

7 (+/- 2) things

Question 11

consolidation

Answer 11

The second process in
the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.

Question 12

encoding

Answer 12

The first process in the
memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed
into short-term memory

Question 13

retrieval

Answer 13

The third process of the
memory system, in which a stored
memory is used by an organism

Question 14

what did donald hebb propose?

Answer 14

that when 2 neurons are repeatedly activated together, their synaptic connection will become stronger

(cells that fire together wire together)

Question 15

hebbian synapses

Answer 15

act together to store memory traces

Question 16

declaratice memory

Answer 16

facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described; used to answer “what” questions

Question 17

non-declarative memories

Answer 17

shown by performacne rather than recollection; used to answer “how” questions

Question 18

Henry Molaison

Answer 18

amygdala and hippocampus and cortex from both temporal lobes were removed. he could remember things from before the surgery, but he couldn’t form any new memories.

Question 19

hippocampus is important why?

Answer 19

new memories

Question 20

learning

Answer 20

the process of acquiring new info

Question 21

memory

Answer 21

ability to store and retrieve info, or the specific ino stores in the brain

Question 22

amnesia

Answer 22

severe memory impaiment

Question 23

retrograde amnesia

Answer 23

loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia

Question 24

anterograde amnesia

Answer 24

inability to form memories after onset of a disorder patients with this can learn to read mirror reveresd text, a verbal text

Question 25

selective attention

Answer 25

the process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli

Question 26

overt attention

Answer 26

attending to same thing youre looking at.focus coincides with sensory orientation

Question 27

covert attention

Answer 27

the focus is independent of sensory oreintation. so think of paying attention to what is behind you even though you are not looking at them??

Question 28

cocktail party effect

Answer 28

selective at filters out stimuli not being attended to

Question 29

sustained attention task

Answer 29

a single stimulus must be held in the spotlight for an extended length of time

Question 30

superior colliculus

Answer 30

guides movement of eyes toward objects of attention

Question 31

pulvinar

Answer 31

involved in visual processing, orienting and shifting attention, and filtering of stimuli

Question 32

lateral intraparietal area (LIP)

Answer 32

crucial for top down attention in monkeys

Question 33

communication

Answer 33

transmission of info between individuals (occurs in many species)

Question 34

language

Answer 34

what humans use to communicate. communication based on assembly of artitrary symbols- to convey a vast range of things, actions, and concepts.

Question 35

spatial cognition

Answer 35

our ability to naviagate and understand spatial relationships between objects

Question 36

arbitrary

Answer 36

things that dont have specific meaning behind them. (think of symbols that you don't know)

Question 37

nonarbitrary

Answer 37

things that do have meaning tied to them | thumbs up

Question 38

corpus callosum

Answer 38

between the left and right hemisphere. a lot of what we know about the hemispheres is due to severing of the corpus callosum

Question 39

split brain individuals

Answer 39

individuals that have severed corpus callosum.

Question 40

contralateral hemisphere

Answer 40

The hemisphere that is on the opposite side of the where sensory info comes from. (left to right; right to left). processes info received on one other side of the body

Question 41

dichotic presentation (+ results)

Answer 41

delivers different sounds to each ear at the same time. results: right handed people identify verbal stimuli in right ear more easier than left (right hand advantage) left handed people: 50% showed a reveresed or reduced pattern. no difference between ears or left ear advantage

Question 42

split brain patient with alien hand- what was the medicine that fixed this likely doing?

Answer 42

acting on GABA

Question 43

tachistoscpe tests

Answer 43

used to study visual perception of linguistic stimuli. studies with this confirm the verbal-spatial division of labor between hemispheres

Question 44

planum temporal

Answer 44

upper surface of the temporal lobe- larger in left hemisphere, even in infants before development of language | we dont really know why

Question 45

what does right hemisphere do in auditory and language

Answer 45

play a major role in perception of music AND prosody

Question 46

what does left hemisphere do with music

Answer 46

pitch

Question 47

prosody

Answer 47

perception of emotional tone aspects of language, yet it is a right hismphere specialization

Question 48

recognizing faces occurs in which hemispheres

Answer 48

both

Question 49

fusiform gyrus

Answer 49

helps with face and object recognition. (prosopagnosia is due to damaged fusiform gyrus)

Question 50

prosopagnosia

Answer 50

inability to recognize faces. Fusiform gyrus is damaged in this.

Question 51

aphasia

Answer 51

impaiment in language ability, to varying degrees, caused by brain injury, expecially to the left hemisphere

Question 52

paraphasia

Answer 52

substitution of a word by a sound, incorrect word, or unintended word

Question 53

agraphia

Answer 53

impairment in writing

Question 54

alexia

Answer 54

impairment in reading

Question 55

apraxia

Answer 55

motor impairment: difficulty in making sequences of movements

Question 56

motor theory of language

Answer 56

anterior and posterior left-hemisphere language zones are motor control systems. Both are involved in production and perception of complex motions that produce sound

Question 57

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 57

can be used to similuate a lesion by disruptng neural activity for ys to an hour

Question 58

PET Scan and Passively viewing

Answer 58

posteruir area within the left hemisphere

Question 59

PET Scan and Passively hearing

Answer 59

temporal lobes

Question 60

PET Scan and repeating word

Answer 60

motor and supplementary motor cortex, some of cerebellum

Question 61

PET Scan and generating associated word

Answer 61

language related regions of the left hemisphere, including brocas area

Question 62

phonemes

Answer 62

basic speech sounds

Question 63

morphemes

Answer 63

simple units of meaning; assembled into words with meaning ; semantics

Question 64

sensitive period

Answer 64

the critical period of language development

Question 65

Recovery of function

Answer 65

recovery of behavioral capacity folliwing brain damage from stroke or injury

Question 66

concussion

Answer 66

closed head brain injury caused by a jarring blow to hthe head

Question 67

Chronic traumatic encephalophathy (CTE)

Answer 67

a form of dementia after multiple concussions

Question 68

tetanus

Answer 68

intense volley of action potential s

Question 69

long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 69

stable and long lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission

Question 70

Intraparetal sulcus

Answer 70

Human equivalent of LIP

Question 71

symbolic curing

Answer 71

test done to test voluntary attention. when placing focus on a specific area, reaction time is improved

Question 72

conjuction search

Answer 72

searching for something with 2 or more unique attributes that make it stand out. (think size and color )

Question 73

binding problem

Answer 73

how the brain understands which individual attributes blend together in one object when they are each processed by different areas of the brain

Question 74

temporal resolution

Answer 74

how neuroscientists study the brain. the ability to track brain changes that occur quickly

Question 75

spatial resolution

Answer 75

how neuroscientists study the brain. the ability to observe detailed brain structure

Question 76

event related potential (ERP)

Answer 76

when neurons work together in a process EEG patterns are different. so scienteists average the results

Question 77

auditory n1 affect

Answer 77

negative following auditory stimulus that shadowed

Question 78

shadowing

Answer 78

focusing on one of two stimuli

Question 79

p3 affect

Answer 79

positive wave later in auditory stimuli response. signals higher order processing (eg underlying meaning of speaker)

Question 80

visual P1 affect

Answer 80

positive p1 wave that occurs only when attention is placed on visual cue

Question 81

frontal eye field

Answer 81

area of brain that directs gaze according to cognitive goals (top down)

Question 82

tempoatrital junction (TPJ)

Answer 82

directs attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli. (direct communication with visual cortex. Acts as a circut breaker)

Question 83

hispatial neglect

Answer 83

damage to brain (neglect attention on one side of body)

Question 84

balients syndrome

Answer 84

bilateral lesions to parietal lobe

Question 85

oculomotor ataxia

Answer 85

difficulty steering gaze

Question 86

optic ataxia

Answer 86

inability to accurately reach for pbjects using visual guidance

Question 87

simultagnosia

Answer 87

unability to place attention to one object at a time

Question 88

default mode network

Answer 88

daydreaming pattern of brain

Question 89

qualia

Answer 89

purely subjective experiences of perceptions

Question 90

wada test

Answer 90

confirms involvement of hemispheres in language by temporility shutting down each hemisphere

Question 91

astereogenosis

Answer 91

inability to regonize objects by touch

Question 92

brocas area

Answer 92

region in left inferior frontal region involved in speech productison

Question 93

wernickes area

Answer 93

region of brain involved in perception and production of speech

Question 94

wernickes aphasia

Answer 94

fluent byt meaningless speech

Question 95

global aphasia

Answer 95

cant understand or produce language

Question 96

brocas aphasia

Answer 96

cannot produdce spech but can comprehend speech

Question 97

hemipela

Answer 97

peralisis of one side of body (usually right side)