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Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester > Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #3 > Flashcards

Brain, Mind & Behavior Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

in a sound wave- what is the height of the curve

(and what are the units?)

A

amplitude (db)

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2
Q

in a sound wave- what is the distance between dips

(and what are the units)

A

frequency (hz)

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3
Q

timbre

(pronounced tamber)

A

the unique voice/sound of each thing

(think of how we can recognize different ppl by their voices)

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4
Q

pinna

A

the ear

(the part that you can see)

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5
Q

Outer ear consists of what

A

Pinna and the ear canal

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6
Q

transduction

A

the process of changing stimulus energy into action potentials

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7
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum

its flexible

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8
Q

Ossicles

A

The bones of the middle ear. consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes.

(aka hammer, anvil, stirrup)

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9
Q

cochlea

A

a snail like structure in the inner ear that is completely filled with water.

There are 3 chambers or tubes in it

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10
Q

Round window

A

1st membrane of the cochlea

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11
Q

oval window

A

second membrane of the cochlea

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12
Q

scala vestibuli and scala typami

A

two tubes in the choclea that are basically the same

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13
Q

organ of corti

A

the organ the cochlea that converts sound into neural activity

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14
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the organ of Corti

A
  1. sensory cells (hair cells)
  2. framework of supporting cells
  3. terminations of the auditory nerve fibers
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15
Q

scalia media

A

the 3rd tube in the cochlea. this contains the organ of Corti

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16
Q

basalar membrane is _______

A

flexible

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17
Q

High frequency of sound wave will hit which inner hair (stereocilia) first?

A

the shorter one

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18
Q

lower frequency of sound wave will hit which inner hair (stereocillia) first?

A

the longer ones

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19
Q

why is the base of the cochlea detect higher frequency than the middle (apex)?

A

because the sound waves are tighter and are hitting more frequently (meaning that it hits the beginning right away)

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20
Q

why is the middle (apex) of the cochlea detect lower frequency than the base?

A

because the sound waves are slower and wider and don’t hit as often. They are maxamized toward the middle.

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21
Q

what happens to the hair cells when something loud happens

A

they bend

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22
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

processes sound info

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23
Q

how does info get into the brain from ears

A

ear>cochlea>cochlea nucleus>superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, media genculate nucleus, auditory cortex.

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24
Q

temporal coding

A

encodes the frequency of auditory stimuli in the firing rate of auditory neurons

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24
Q

place coding

A

pitch is demermined by the location of the activated hair cells

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25
Q

frequency

A

physical property of a sound

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26
Q

pitch

A

our subjective perception of sound

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27
Q

intensity differences

A

volume. how loud is it?

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28
Q

latency differences

A

arrival. how long did it take for sound to arrive to your ear?

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28
Q

what are the ninaural cues to locate the source of a sound

A

intensity differences and latency differences

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29
Q

amusia

A

inability to discern tunes or sing; associated with subtly abnormal function in right frontal lobe and poor connections between frontal and temporal cortex

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30
Q

the auditory cortex is specialized for what

A

detection of biologically relevant sound, such as footsteps, animal vocalizations, and speech

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31
Q

when does the auditory cortex change

A

its sensitivity is fine tuned by experiences during development

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32
Q

heschls gyrus

A

A thicker part of primary auditory cortex. The heschls gyrus is much larger in professional musicians

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33
Q

conduction deafness

A

disorders of the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from reaching cochlea

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34
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

hair cells fail to respond to movement of the basilar membrane; no action potentials fired

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35
Q

how can sensorinerual deafness be caused

A

genetic mutations, infections, certain drugs, and loud sounds

36
Q

tinnitus

A

damange to hair cells causes a persistent ringing.

37
Q

central deafness

A

damage to auditory brain areas, such as a stroke, tumors, or traumatic brain injury

38
Q

word deafness

A

selective difficulty recognizing normal speech sounds; normal speech and hearing of nonverbal sounds

39
Q

cortical deafness

A

difficulty recongizing all complex sounds, verbal or nonverbal; rare

40
Q

parts of the vestibular system

A

semicircular canals and ampulla

41
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 fluid filled tubes connected to the utricle and saccule. oriented in 3 planes of head movement (nod, tilt, shake)

42
Q

pitch

A

to nod. goes around y axis

43
Q

yaw

A

to shake your head. around z axis

44
Q

roll

A

to tilt your head. around x axis

45
Q

what do head movements do

A

initiate flow of fluid in the semicircula canal of the same plane, which deflects stereocilia in the apulla, signaling movement to the brain

46
Q

vertibular nuclei

A

many vestibulocochlear nerave fibers terminate in the vestibuluar in the brainstem. (some project directly to the cerebellum)

47
Q

motion sickness

A

can result from too much vestibular excitation

48
Q

sensory conflict theory

A

sickness occurs when we receive contradictory sensory such as between vestibular and visual input

49
Q

one hypothesis about nausea

A

that it evolved to rid the body of ingested toxingss that presumably triggered dizziness

50
Q

Retina

A

a layer of neurons in the back of the eye

51
Q

transduction

A

the process of turning light into neural signals

52
Q

Cornea

A

bends light entering the eye

53
Q

Lens

A

changes shape to focus light on retina

54
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light rays

55
Q

look at an image of the eye in the book

A

do this

56
Q

ciliary muscles

A

they are in the eye. They adjust focus by changing the shape of the lens through the process of accommodation

57
Q

Accommodation process

A

the contraction of ciliary muscles in the eye. This causes nearer or farther images to come into process

58
Q

extraocular muscles

A

the 3 muscles pairs that control eye movement

59
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensory neurons that detect light. This consists of the rods and cones

60
Q

bipolar cells

A

receive input from photoreceptors and synapse on ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve, which carries information to the brain.

61
Q

ganglian cells

A

where the input from photoreceptors synapse

62
Q

optic nerve

A

carries info to the brain. formed by axons of the ganglion cells?

63
Q

horizonatal cells

A

in the retina. They contact photoreceptors and bipolar cells

64
Q

amacrine cells

A

in the retina. They contact bipolar and ganglion cells

65
Q

all cell types (except ganglion cells) in the retina conduct what

A

graded, local potentials. They affect each other through the graded release of neurotransmitters

66
Q

Ganglion cells conduct what

A

action potentials

67
Q

what does light trigger?

A

hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cells. This causes it to release less neurotransmitter

68
Q

what happens to photoreceptors in the dark

A

there is no light to trigger hyperpolarization, so the photoreceptors continually release neurotransmitter

69
Q

what happens to photoreceptors in the dark

A

there is no light to trigger hyperpolarization, so the photoreceptors continually release neurotransmitter

70
Q

adaptation

A

the change in sensitivity to light

71
Q

what is the change of size in the pupil

A

opening of the iris

72
Q

range fractionation

A

uses different photoreceptors to handle different intensisites

73
Q

what happens in photoreceptor adaptation

A

each photoreceptor adjusts its level of sensitivity to match the average ambient level of light

74
Q

visual acuity

A

a measure of how much details we see and its sharpest in the center of the visual field

75
Q

fovea

A

center region of the retina. has a high density of smaller, tightly-packed cones with high acuity. This region receives direct light inpute that does not pass through other cells or blood vessels

76
Q

lateral geniculate nucleas (LGN)

A

in the thalamus. Most axons of the optic tract terminate on cells here.

77
Q

primary visual cortex (V1)

A

also called the striate cortex. This is where axons of LGN neurons terminate. each stripe(striataion) corresponds to converging binocular input

78
Q

extrastriate cortex

A

visual cortical areas outside of V1

79
Q

what does glutamate do to bipolar cells

A

it hyperpolarizes one group(off center) of them and depolarizes another (on center)

80
Q

on center bipolar cells

A

turning on light in the center of its receptive field excites the cell because it receives less glutamate which inhibits this type of bipolar cell. = increased firing rate

81
Q

off center bipolar cells

A

tunring off light in the center of the field excites the cells because they receive more glutamate and are depolarized. = decreased firing rate

82
Q

on center ganglion cells

A

excited by on center bipolar cells when light is turned on

83
Q

off center ganglion cells

A

excited by off center bipolar cells when light is turned off

84
Q

bipolar cells also relsease ______

A

glutamate, which always depolarizes ganglion cells

85
Q

on center (surround)

A

off surround

86
Q

off center (surround)

A

on- surround

87
Q

the center and its surround are always _________

A

antagonistic

88
Q

what wavelength is shorter

A

blue

89
Q

what wavelength is longer

A

red

Mac- Freshman Year- Spring Semester (10 decks)

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