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BMSC - Neuroanatomy > Brain Pathways > Flashcards

Brain Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rostral to caudal direction in people?

A

Eyes to back of head

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2
Q

Which three structures make up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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3
Q

What does the medulla connect to inferiorly?

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the main function of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Memory

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5
Q

What is the main function of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Emotional behaviour and memory

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6
Q

What is the main function of the ventral and ventrolateral anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Motor behaviour

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7
Q

What are the main relay neurons in the thalamus?

A

Ventralposteromedial nucleus
Ventralposterolateral nucleus

(VPM and VPL)

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8
Q

The VPM and VPL of the thalamus deal with which type of information?

A

Somatosensory

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9
Q

Where to the VPM and the VPL relay information to?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

What is the main role of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Integrating sensory input and associating it with cognitive function

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11
Q

What is the main role of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Processing visual stimuli

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12
Q

What is the main function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Auditory processing

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13
Q

What is the main role of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Processing visual information

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14
Q

What makes up the outer covering of the thalamus?

A

Reticular nucleus

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15
Q

How many cortical layers are there?

A

6

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16
Q

Which cortical layers receive input from the thalamus?

A

IV

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17
Q

Which cortical layers receive inputs from the brainstem?

A

II-VI

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18
Q

Which cortical layers send info to the cortex?

A

I and II

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19
Q

Which cortical layers send info to the opposite hemisphere?

A

I-III

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20
Q

Which cortical layers send info to brainstem and spinal cord?

A

All

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21
Q

Which cortical layers send information to the thalamus?

A

IV-VI

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22
Q

Which broadmann’s areas are the superior temporal gyrus?

A

41, 42

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23
Q

Which Broadmann’s area is the premotor area?

A

6

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24
Q

Which Broadmann’s area is the primary motor cortex?

A

4

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25
Which Broadmann's areas is the somatosensory cortex?
3, 1, 2
26
Which Broadmann's areas is the posterior parietal cortex?
5, 7
27
In which Broadmann's areas is the visual cortex?
17, 18, 19
28
In which Broadmann's area is the inferotemporal cortex?
20, 21, 37
29
Which part of the brain is responsible for object recognition?
Inferior temporal cortex
30
Which area of the brain is responsible for spatial recognition?
Posterior parietal cortex
31
Which area of the brain is responsible for semantic memory?
Anterior temporal lobe
32
What are the three main parts of the PFC?
Lateral PFC Ventromedial cortex (orbitofrontal) Anterior cingulate cortex
33
What is the main role of the lateral PFC?
Executive function, planning and working memory
34
What is the main role of the ventromedial cortex?
Social cognition and decision making
35
What is the main role of the anterior cingulate cortex?
Reward-based learning and social cognition
36
Where is the entorhinal cortex?
Medial bank of the rhinal sulcus
37
Where is the perirhinal cortex?
Lateral bank of rhinal sulcus
38
Where is the parahippocampal cortex?
Lateral to the rhinal sulcus
39
Which structure allows communication between the subcortical areas and the hippocampus?
Fornix
40
Which parts of the rhinal sulcus send information to the entorhinal cortex?
Perirhinal and parahippocampal
41
Where do the perirhinal and parrahippocampal send info to?
Association areas of the brain | Entorhinal cortex
42
Which entorhinal neurons are damaged in Alzheimer's?
Layer II entorhinal
43
What is the main Input to the dentate gyrus?
Layer II entorhinal neurons
44
What is the main input to CA3 neurons?
Layer II entorhinal neurons
45
Where do CA3 neurons project to?
CA1 neurons
46
Which structure degenerate in Korsakoffs syndrome?
Mamillary bodies | With some damage to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
47
What is the limbic system mostly associated with?
Emotion and memory
48
What is the amygdala mostly associated with?
Fear and stress
49
What are the septal nuclei of the limbic system mostly associated with?
Pleasure and reward
50
What is the cingulate mostly associated with?
Emotion and memory
51
Where do the mamillary bodies connect to?
Amygdala and hippocampus
52
Which two parts of the basal ganglia are considered to be the striatum?
Caudate and putamen
53
What is the main role of the substantia nigra?
Facilitates movement
54
What structure does the globus pallidus have an inhibitory effect on?
Thalamus
55
What does the direct pathway do?
Facilitates movement
56
What does the indirect pathway do?
Inhibits movement via the subthalamic nuclei
57
What does the hyperdirect pathway do?
Inhibits unwanted movement
58
Outline the direct pathway
``` Excites putamen Activates the inhibitory neurons in int GP Inhibition of GP Lift the inhibition of the thalamus Thalamus can be excited Movement occurs ```
59
Are the outputs of medium spiny neurons inhibitory or exhibitory?
Inhibitory
60
What are the two regions of the substantia nigra and which has the most neurons?
Pars compacta - most neurons | Pars reticulata
61
Which part of the substantia nigra has more GABA?
Pars reticulata
62
Which dopamine receptor type is involved in the direct pathway?
D1
63
Which dopamine receptor type is involved in the indirect pathway?
D2
64
Outline the indirect pathway
Striatum inhibits the external GP Which inhibits the ext GP Which excites the int GP which then inhibits action in the thalamus
65
What is the main function of the corticospinal tract?
Voluntary movement
66
The lateral corticospinal tracts control....
Distal musculature
67
The anterior/ventral corticospinal tracts control....
Proximal musculature
68
When do LMNs leave the corticospinal tract?
At the level of the spinal cord of the innervated muscle
69
In which layer are enterorhinal neurons damaged in alzheimers?
Layer II
70
What is the Papez circuit composed of?
Subcortical projections of the hippocampus
71
What is the fornix?
A bundle of fibres which carry information
72
Name the parts of the limbic system.
``` Fornix Cingulate cortex Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus Septal nuclei Mamillary body ```
73
Where do striatal medium spiny neurons receive input form?
Cortex and thalamus (excite) SN (excitatory or inhib)
74
Which type of input do medium spiny neurons receive?
Glutamatergic (excitatory) or Inhibitory
75
What are D1 receptors coupled to?
Adenylyl cyclase (via G protein)
76
Which part of the corticospinal tract controls distal musculature?
Lateral
77
Which part of the corticospinal tract controls proximal musculature?
Anterior/ventral

BMSC - Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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