Brain & Skull

Question 1

PNS

Answer 1

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

Sensory (affarent) Division

Answer 2

PNS, attracting information to the brain

Question 3

Motor (efferent) Division

Answer 3

PNS, going away from the brain

Question 4

PNS Function

Answer 4

Receptors detect internal or environmental change, information is sent to the CNS (central nervous system) to promote movement in the muscle.

Question 5

SNS

Answer 5

Somatic nervous system, part of the motor division of the PNS

Question 6

ANS

Answer 6

Autonomic nervous system, part of the motor division of the PNS

Question 7

Cells in Nervous Tissue

Answer 7

Neurons & Neuroglia (several kinds of supporting cells; also called glial cells)

Question 8

Neurons

Answer 8

Communicate between brain regions, made up of 3 parts; cell body - nucleus & other organelles, dendrites - receive the stimuli internally or from environmental changes, axon - transmits/conducts information to other cells in the form of electrical pulses, axon terminals - site of communication/contact with other cells

Question 9

Neuroglia

Answer 9

Different types with different functions; protection, support, repair nervous system, nutrient supply to neurons

Question 10

Astrocytes

Answer 10

First line defence to protect the brain, regulate blood flow

Question 11

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 11

In the CNS, insulate the axons (produces myelin) to ensure strong electrical communication, supports nerve fibres

Question 12

Schwann Cells

Answer 12

In the PNS, support nerve fibres, repair after injury, form myelin sheath around peripheral nerves)

Question 13

White Matter

Answer 13

Regions filled with myelinated axons

Question 14

Grey Matter

Answer 14

Regions where the axons are less dominate

Question 15

Synapse

Answer 15

The region of space between cells, cells can communicate with each other, neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic membrane

Question 16

Nervous Cell Mutation

Answer 16

E.g. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - progressive degenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the CNS, causes atrophy of the associated skeletal muscle fibers

Question 17

Structure of the Brain (not the lobes)

Answer 17

Cerebrum, divided into 2 hemispheres, highly folded surface - gyrus (ridge) & sulcus (trough), superficial layer of grey matter is called the cerebral cortex

Question 18

Functions of the Brain

Answer 18

Conscious thought, memory storage & processing, sensory processing, regulating skeletal muscle contractions

Question 19

Cerebellum (functions)

Answer 19

Partially hidden by the cerebral hemispheres, coordinating and modulating motor commands from he cerebral cortex, coordinates motor function, balance & memory
important to protect the cerebellum

Question 20

Brainstem (3 structures)

Answer 20

Midbrain - processes visual and auditory (sound) information & controls reflexes, pons - tracts and relays centres & visceral motor control (if a stroke were to occur, it would cut off transmission to the rest of the body and there would be no communication), medulla oblongata - relays sensory information to the thalamus & integration centres that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

Question 21

Lobes of the Brain

Answer 21

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Precentral Gyrus, Postcentral Gyrus

Question 22

Frontal Lobe

Answer 22

Motor, emotions - 1/3 of cortical surface, divided into 2 key areas, controls motor function, high order functions, e.g. emotion, memory, learning

Question 23

Parietal Lobe

Answer 23

Sensory - receives and processes stimuli, cutaneous, e.g. touch, pain, kinaesthetic , e.g. body position

Question 24

Temporal Lobe

Answer 24

Auditory

Question 25

Occipital Lobe

Answer 25

Vision

Question 26

Precentral Gyrus

Answer 26

Contains primary motor cortex

Question 27

Postcentral Gyrus

Answer 27

Contains primary somatosensory cortex; receives sensory information

Question 28

Corpus Callosum

Answer 28

Communicates between the left & right hemispheres of the brain

Question 29

Association Fibers

Answer 29

Connections between the gyri in the same hemisphere

Question 30

Projection Fibers

Answer 30

Connect the cerebral cortex with the brainstem and spinal cord (= motor + sensory)

Question 31

Skull Bones

Answer 31

Frontal, Temporal x2, Parietal x2, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

Question 32

Facial Bones

Answer 32

Mandible, Zygomatic Arch x2, Maxilla x2

Question 33

Sutures

Answer 33

Joints where the cranial bones and facial bones connect

Question 34

Coronal Suture

Answer 34

Straight down, attaches the frontal and parietal bones

Question 35

Sagittal Suture

Answer 35

Attaches parietal bones

Question 36

Squamous Suture

Answer 36

Attaches temporal and parietal bones

Question 37

Lambdoid Suture

Answer 37

Attaches occipital and parietal bones