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Clinical neuroscience > Brain topography and CSF circulation > Flashcards

Brain topography and CSF circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic components of the PNS?

A
  • Dorsal and ventral roots
  • Spinal nerves
  • Peripheral nerves
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2
Q

What are the basic components of the CNS?

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Brainstem and cerebellum
  • Spinal cord
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3
Q

From where do the CNS and PNS derive?

A
  • CNS derives from neural tube
  • PNS derives from neural crest cells
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4
Q

Outline the function of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Higher functions
  • Motor and sensory (conscious)
  • Emotion
  • Memory
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5
Q

Outline the function of the brainstem and cerebellum

A
  • Communication via cranial nerves
  • Includes functions such as eye movement, swallowing, and cardiorespiratory homeostasis
  • Cerebellum involved with motor sequencing and coordination
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6
Q

Outline the functions of the spinal cord

A
  • Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways
  • Spinal reflex arcs
  • Control of upper and lower limbs at level of cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
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7
Q

What is grey matter formed from?

A
  • Composed of cell bodies and dendrites
  • Rich blood supply
  • Reflects computational role of grey matter
  • Some axons but not as many as in white matter
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8
Q

What is grey matter called in the PNS?

A
  • Ganglion (collection of cell bodies)
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9
Q

What is white matter formed from?

A
  • Myelinated and non-myelinated axons with no cell bodies
  • Myelin is white
  • White matter pathways connect areas of grey matter
  • Passively conducts impulses
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10
Q

What is the PNS equivalent of white matter?

A
  • Peripheral nerve or root
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11
Q

What is a nucleus?

A
  • A collection of functionally related cell bodies
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12
Q

What is the cortex?

A
  • Grey matter
  • A folded sheet of cell bodies found on surface of a brain structure (cerebrum or cerebellum)
  • Typically 1-5 mm thick
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13
Q

What is a fibre?

A
  • Term relating to an axon in association with its supporting cells (e.g. oligodendrocytes)
  • Synonymous with axon
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14
Q

What do association fibres do?

A
  • Connect cortical regions within same hemisphere
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15
Q

What do commissural fibres do?

A
  • Connect left and right hemispheres or spinal cord halves
  • E.g. corpus callosum is biggest commissural fibre
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16
Q

What do projection fibres do?

A
  • Connect cerebral hemispheres with cord/brainstem and vice versa
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17
Q

Outline the organisation of the spine

A
  • 31 segments
  • Each supplies a given dermatome and myotome on each side
  • Each segment connects with a spinal (mixed) nerve through dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots
  • Knowledge of dermatomal and myotomal supply allows location of lesions to a given cord segment
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18
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord like?

A
  • Cord has a central core of grey matter and an outer shell of white matter
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19
Q

Why is the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column?

A
  • Bones of vertebral column grow faster than spinal cord itself
  • Leads to formation of cauda equina
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20
Q

What forms spinal nerve roots?

A
  • Convergence of multiple rootlets, which plug directly into the cord
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21
Q

What does a sensory deficit in a dermatomal pattern suggest?

A
  • Lesion is at level of dorsal roots or spinal nerves
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22
Q

What does a sensory deficit across multiple segments suggest?

A
  • Cord lesion
23
Q

What does a sensory deficit in a homuncular pattern suggest?

A
  • Lesion above thalamus
24
Q

Define funiculus

A
  • Segment of white matter containing multiple distinct tracts
  • Impulses travel in multiple directions
25
Q

Define what a tract is

A
  • An anatomically and functionally defined white matter pathway connecting two distinct regions of grey matter
  • Impulses travel in one direction
26
Q

Define what a fasciculus is

A
  • A subdivision of a tract supplying a distinct region of the body
27
Q

How is the grey matter of the spinal cord organised?

A
  • Cell bodies of grey matter are organised into cell columns
  • Motor neurones supplying a given muscle arise from multiple segments and form a distinct population of neurones in the CNS - a nucleus
  • Each nucleus controls a particular muscle
28
Q

What does the midbrain (mesencephalon) control?

A
  • Eye movements and reflex responses to sound and vision
29
Q

What does the pons control?

A
  • Feeding
  • Sleep
30
Q

What does the medulla control?

A
  • Cardiovascular and respiratory centres
  • Contains a major motor pathway (medullary pyramids)
  • Medullary pyramids are formed of white matter
31
Q

What does the central sulcus do?

A
  • Sits in coronal plane
  • Separates frontal and parietal lobes
32
Q

What does the precentral gyrus do?

A
  • Contains primary motor cortex
  • Motor structures tend to sit anteriorly in CNS
33
Q

What does the post central gyrus do?

A
  • Contains primary sensory cortex
  • Sensory structures tend to sit posteriorly in CNS
34
Q

What does the lateral/Sylvian fissure do?

A
  • Separates temporal lobe from frontal/parietal lobes
35
Q

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus do?

A
  • Separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
  • Only visible on medial aspect of cerebrum
36
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A
  • Site where fibres in visual system cross over
37
Q

What is an uncus?

A
  • Sits close to midbrain and CN III
  • Part of temporal lobe
  • Can herniate and compress midbrain
  • Olfactory cortex resides in uncus
38
Q

What are the medullary pyramids?

A
  • White matter
  • Location of descending motor fibres
  • All voluntary movement is carried down pyramids
39
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A
  • Key cortical region for memory encoding
  • Sits deep in temporal lobe
40
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A
  • Key landmark in visual system
  • Visual cortex above calcarine sulcus supplies inferior visual field
  • Visual cortex below calcarine sulcus supplies superior visual field
41
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • Fibres connecting the cerebral hemispheres
  • White matter
42
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex
  • Acts as final point before sensory information reaches cortex
  • Contains cell bodies of third order neurones and projects to primary sensory cortex in a homuncular pattern
43
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Cortical area important for emotion and memory consolidation
44
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A
  • Found in walls of third ventricle
  • Has important neuroendocrine and homeostatic roles
45
Q

What is the fornix?

A
  • Key output pathway of hippocampus
46
Q

What is the tectum?

A
  • Posterior part of midbrain
  • Involved in involuntary responses to auditory and visual stimuli
47
Q

What are the cerebral tonsils?

A
  • Found on inferior aspect of cerebellum
  • Can herniate through foramen magnum in cases of raised intercranial pressure
  • Often lead to death due to cardiorespiratory compromise through compression of medulla
48
Q

What are brain ventricles?

A
  • Brain develops from a hollow tube
  • Brain itself is hollow and contains cavity filled with CSF
  • These cavities are brain ventricles
49
Q

Which structure is found in the ventricles?

A
  • Choroid plexus
  • Highly vascular
  • Makes a total of 600-700 ml CSF each day
50
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • Metabolic and mechanical functions
  • Contains glucose and maybe hormones
  • Cushions brain
  • Buoyancy of brain
51
Q

What are the arachnoid granulations?

A
  • Reabsorb CSF
  • Resemble little cauliflowers
  • Project into superior sagittal sinus
  • CSF then enters venous blood
52
Q

Outline how CSF circulates through the ventricular system

A
  • Most CSF is made in lateral ventricles
  • CSF then circulates through interventricular foramen into third ventricle
  • CSF drains from third ventricle to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
  • CSF drains from fourth ventricle via lateral and median apertures
  • CSF enters subarachnoid space
53
Q

What happens to CSF after it has entered the subarachnoid space?

A
  • CSF percolates around superficial surfaces of brain and spinal cord
  • Is then reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations
54
Q

What happens when there is a blockage in the ventricular system?

A
  • Leads to upstream dilation and potential damage to structures surrounding dilated ventricles
  • Cerebral aqueduct is common site for occlusions
  • Would cause dilation of lateral and third ventricles but fourth ventricle is normal

Clinical neuroscience (19 decks)

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