Brainstem 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What 3 components is the brainstem made up of?
A
Midbrain, Pons and Medulla
2
Q
Identify which cranial fossa the brainstem lies in?
A
Posterior
3
Q
Embryologically, which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?
A
Mesencephalon and Rhomboencephalon
4
Q
What are the cavities (of the ventricular system) that lie within the brainstem?
A
Cerebral Aquaduct
4th Ventricle
5
Q
Identify the groove that separates the pons from the medulla
A
Pontomedullary Junction
6
Q
The Trigeminal nerve exits via?
A
Internal Auditory Meatus
7
Q
Abducens nerve exits via
A
Superior Orbital Fissure
7
Q
Abducens nerve exits via
A
Superior Orbital Fissure
8
Q
Facial nerve exits via
A
Internal Auditory Meatus
9
Q
Vestibulochlear nerve exits via
A
Internal Auditory Meatus
10
Q
Which of the cranial nerves that emerge from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course?
A
Abducens
11
Q
Which of the cranial nerves that emerge from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course?
A
Abducens
12
Q
The inferior olives of the brainstem are involved in
A
Control of Movement
13
Q
The superior olives of brainstem are involved in
A
Sound
14
Q
The pyramids of brainstem form
A
Corticospinal Tract
15
Q
The corticospinal tract of brainstem consists of
A
Descending Fibres
16
Q
The decussation of the pyramids of brainstem forms
A
lateral corticospinal tract of spinal
17
Q
Where are the open and closed parts of medulla found
A
Posteriorly
18
Q
The open part of the medulla is found
A
Superior
19
Q
The closed part of the medulla is found
A
Inferior
20
Q
What structure does the “open” part of the medulla open onto?
A
4th Ventricle
21
Q
Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?
A
Foramen Magnum
22
Q
Where is the origin of the trigeminal nerve found
A
Pons
23
Q
What type of fibres make up the middle cerebellar peduncle
A
Centripital Fibres
24
What part of the brain lies immediately superior to midbrain
Diencephalon
25
What part of the brain lies immediately inferior to midbrain
Pons
26
The cerebral peduncles - what kind of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles and where are they destined for?
Motor destined for LMN Synapses in Spinal Cord
27
The diencephalon is made up of
Epithalamus , Hypothalamus and the Subthalamus and Thalamus.
28
The diencephalon lies between which two parts of the brain
Cerebrum and Midbrain
29
What are the surface projections visible on the surface of the hypothalamus called?
Mammillary Bodies
30
What is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
31
Name the three lobes of each cerebellar hemisphere.
Anterior Lobe, Posterior Lobe and Flocculonodular Lobe
32
To what part(s) of the brain is it anatomically connected to by peduncles?
Brainstem
33
What is the name of the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?
4th Ventricle
34
Identify the foramen in the skull that the cerebellum sits above
Foramen Magnum
35
The part of the cerebellum that sits atop this foramen magnum is called the
Cerebellar Tonsils
35
The part of the cerebellum that sits atop this foramen magnum is called the
Cerebellar Tonsils
36
What name is given to the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal Fissure
37
What type of nerve fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus callosum (e.g. association, commissural or projection fibres)?
Commisurral Fibres
38
Posteriorly the cerebral hemispheres sit on top of the
Tentorium Cerebelli
39
Which lobe has the primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
40
Which lobe has the primary visual cortex
parietal lobe
41
which lobe has the primary sensory cortex
occipital lobe
42
which lobe has the primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
43
Where is CSF produced
Choroid Plexus
44
Termination of Dura-Arachnoid
S2-3
45
Termination of filum terminale:
Dorsal of Coccyx
46
Spinal cord termination adult
L1/2
47
Spinal cord termination newborn
L3
48
Arachnoid Mater termination
S2
49
What occupies the space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and arachnoid? (Be precise and comprehensive!)
CSF, Cauda Equina, Filum Terminale
50
At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?
L3/4
51
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
52
Upper Motor Neurone Connects
spinal cord and brain.
53
LMN Connects
Spinal cord and muscles/sensory
54
Is damage to the cauda equina classified as an upper or lower motor neurone lesion?
LMN
55
There are two paired arteries which are responsible for the blood supply to the brain what are these
internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
56
How is the basilar artery formed and which part of the brainstem is it most closely related to?
Pons
57
Which arteries complete the posterior of the Circle of Willis by linking the internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries?
Posterior Communicating Arteries
58
Which artery completes the anterior of the Circle of Willis by linking the anterior cerebral arteries?
Anterior Communicating Arteires
59
Anterior cerebral artery is found in which fissure
longitudinal fissure
60
Middle cerebral artery is found in which fissure
lateral sylvian fissure
61
Posterior cerebral artery is found in which fissure
calcarine fissure
62
Which cerebral artery/arteries supplies primary motor cortex
ACA (Superiorly) and MCA)
63
Which cerebral artery/arteries supplies primary sensory area
MCA and ACA (Sup and Medial)
64
Which cerebral artery/arteries supplies primary visual cortex
PCA
65
Which cerebral artery supplies primary auditory area
MCA
66
Which cerebral artery supplies area for olfaction
MCA
67
Which cerebral artery supplies area for olfaction
MCA
68
Which cerebral artery runs immediately superior to this?
Superior cerebellar arteries
69
Which cranial nerve emerges from just above the superior cerebellar artery?
Occulomotor Nerve
70
Carotid sinus where is this found
Common carotid
71
Into which vein in the neck do these dural venous sinuses drain into?
Jugular Vein
72
Through which foramen in the skull does the vein you have named above pass?
Jugular Foramen
73
The superior ophthalmic vein drains into the c
Cavernous SInus
74
Which veins drain into cavernous sinus
Superior ophthalmic and middle cerebra
75
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis results in bulgling of eyes and loss of vision why?
Pressure on optic chiasm
76
Branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?
Vertebral Arteries
77
Branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?
Vertebral Arteries
78
Which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of?
Vertebral Arteries
79
What fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
80
What other structures are present in the subarachnoid space?
Connective Tissue and Crista Galli
81
To what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?
Crista Gali
82
Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?
Inferior Sagital Sinus
83
Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?
Superior Sagittal Sinus
84
What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?
Lower Occipital Lobe superiorly and Cerebellum inferiorly.
85
To what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?
Clinoid Processes of Sphenoid Bone
86
Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?
Straight Sinus
87
What is the dural fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres called?
Falx Cerebelli
88
What is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called?
Diaphragma Sella
89
Through which foramen in the skull does it enter the cranial cavity?
Foramen spinosum
90
What embryological structures are ventricles formed from?
Neural Tube
91
Interventricular foramen is also known as
Foramen of Monro
92
What name is given to the specialised structures that lie in the ventricles that generate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Choroid Plexus
93
How does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?
Choroid plexus
94
At which location is cerebrospinal fluid finally resorbed back into the general circulation?
Arachnoid villi which project into superior sagittal sinus
95
On a bony skull cap identify the groove for the superior sagittal sinus. Identify indentations on either side of this groove. What makes these indentations?
Arachnoid Granulaitons
96
What kind of fibres pass through corpus callosum them?
Commisurral
97
What are the four parts of corpus callosum
Splenium, Body, Genu, Rostrum
98
The septum pellucidum is a thin sheet which lies where
mid sagittal plane
99
The septum pellucidium separates
ant horn of two lateral ventricles
100
Septum Pellucidum is continuous with
Corpus Callosum
101
What lies inferiorly to Septum Pellicidum
Fornix
102
The fornix is a bundle of fibres which links
hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
103
What is the bulbous projection on floor of lateral ventricle
Caudate nucleus
104
What are basal ganglia
Collections of neuronal cell bodies within cerebral hemispheres
105
What is the name given to a collection of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system?
Nucleus
106
What is the Thalamus
Sensory relay area made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei
107
List the six functions of Hypothalamus
1. Autonomic Control Centre
2. Body Temp regulator
3. Regulates water balance and thirst
4. Regulates food intake
5. Regulates endocrine system function
6. Regulate sleep-wake cycle
108
Where are the colliculi (a component of the midbrain) in relation to the pineal gland?
Directly inferior
