Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SF2- Exam 2 > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

________________are the most posterior part of the diencephalon

A

Mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three motor columns of the brainstem? Which nuclei are found in each column?

A

Somatic motor (general somatic efferent)

  • Oculomotor nucleus
  • Trochlear nucleus
  • Abducens nucleus
  • Hypoglossal nucleus

Branchial motor (special visceral efferent)- More lateral than somatomotor

  • Trigeminal motor nucleus
  • Facial motor nucleus
  • Nucleus ambiguous
  • Big motor nucleus
  • Clusters of motor neurons going to the same target
  • Can be divided into 10 different motor nucleu

Parasympathetic (general visceral efferent)- Near the midline but more dorsal

  • Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  • Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei
  • Dorsal vagal motor nucleus
  • Blood pressure and heart rate happen here, like in the Nucleus of solitary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three sensory columns of the brainstem?

A

Visceral sensory (special visceral afferent)

•Nucleus of tractus solitarius (a.k.a Nucleus of solitary tract)

  • Runs the full length of the medulla and is adjacent to dorsal vagus motor nucleus

General somatic sensory (general somatic afferent)

•Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

  • Part of it is mesencephalic and some goes into the pons
  • Trigeminal main sensory nucleus
  • Trigeminal spinal nucleus

Special somatic sensory (special somatic afferent)

  • Vestibular nuclei- Forms centered around pontomedullary junction and goes up to pons and low into medulla
  • Superior
  • Lateral
  • Dorsal cochlear
  • Inferior
  • Medial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main components of brainstem?

A

Medulla Oblongata

Midbrain

Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brainstem in sagittal section

Label

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brainstem with 4th ventricle exposed by severing cerebellar peduncles and cutting choroid roof away at the margins of the rhomboid fossa

Label

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of networks in the core of the brainstem that stretch from the upper part of the _________ to the lower part of the __________.

A

midbrain; medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____________ nuclei are found predominantly in more rostral and median portions of the brainstem RF.

___________nuclei are generally located more caudally in medial and lateral parts of the brainstem RF

A

Modulatory; Premotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the columns of the reticular formation?

A

Median (paramedian)

Medial (Central)

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the general functions of the reticular formations of the brainstem?

A

Activation and Integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The reticular formation includes ascending pathways to the ___________ in the ascending reticular activating system and descending pathways to the spinal cord via the __________ of the descending reticular formation.

A

cortex; reticulospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____________ nuclei are getting input of sensory commands and their output is going to __________nuclei.

A

Premotor; motor

*Part of reticular formation is organizing motor actions like inputting signal and outputting to motor nuclei.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei locations

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What nuclei are found in the median (paramedian) column of reticular formation?

A

Raphe nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Raphe Nuclei of the median reticular formation, project extensively to _____________.

A

Spinal cord, brainstem and cortical regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What neurotransmitter do raphe nuclei secrete? What is there primary function?

A

Serotonin

Participate in modulation of different functional systems, including motor, somatosensory, pain and limbic circuits.

NOTE: The serotonergic raphe neurons are part of the overall brainstem arousal system that includes cholinergic and dopaminergic reticular neurons that together have strong influence on attention, activity patterns and controlling periods of sleep and wakefulness (and also pain modulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Serotonergic neurons are located in a few different location serve different functions in those areas. Where are the different locations and where do they project?

A
  • Serotonergic neurons in the rostral raphe complex of mesencephalon and rostral pons (ascending)
    • ​Project mainly to forebrain targets.
  • Serotonergic neurons in the caudal raphe complex of the caudal pons and medulla (descending)
    • Project to the brainstem and spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serotonergic neurons in nucleus raphe magnus are strongly involved in __________ and __________ through direct projections to the spinal cord dorsal horn.

A

Analgesia; pain modulation

NOTE: The Nucleus raphe magnus is apart of the raphe caudal complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do serotonergic neurons of the nucleus raphe magnus project to?

A

Spinal cord dorsal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____________ (lower/upper) raphe nuclei are involved in pain modulation and _________ (lower/upper) raphe nuclei are involved in arousal and sleep.

A

Lower; upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some major medial (central) reticular nuclei?

A

•Cuneiform & subcuneiform (mesencephalic) nuclei

  • Vertical gaze

•Oral pontine reticular nucleus

  • Horizontal gaze

•Caudal pontine reticular nucleus

  • Horizontal gaze

•Gigantocellular nucleus of medulla

  • Horizontal gaze (rostral part)
  • Horizontal head movement
22
Q

The medial reticular column includes numerous nuclei serving premotor functions in concert with both somatomotor and branchiomotor nuclei.

Together they form “centers” for ____________

A

Chewing, facial movements, swallowing etc.

23
Q

What type of neurotransmitters secreted by lateral column nuclei?

A

Catecholamine

24
Q

What are some major lateral column reticular nuclei?

A

•Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

•Medial & lateral parabrachial nuclei (visceral sensory relay nuclei between Solitary tract nucleus & thalamus)

•Central pontine nucleus

•Central nucleus of medulla

25
Q

Lateral reticular column has parvocellular reticular nuclei that involved in regulating __________

A

exhalation

NOTE: There is a precerebellar nucleus called “the lateral reticular nucleus” involved in arm movements that should not be confused with the lateral reticular nuclei in general.

26
Q

List efferent nuclei in brainstem

A

Oculomotor nucleus (Somatomotor Nuclei)- CN III

Trochlear nucleus (Somatomotor Nuclei)- CN IV

Trigeminal Motor nucleus (Branchiomotor)- CN V

Abducens nucleus (Somatomotor Nuclei)- CN VI

Facial Motor nucleus (Branchiomotor)- CN VII

Nucleus Ambiguus (Branchiomotor)- CN IX/X

Hypoglossal nucleus (Somatomotor Nuclei)- CN XII

Spinal accessory nucleus (in spinal cord)

27
Q

List afferent nuclei and tracts in brainstem

A

Trigeminal ganglia (Sensory ganglia)- CN V

Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus (Somatosensory nuclei)- CN V

Geniculate Ganglion (Sensory ganglia)- CN VII

Trigeminal Spinal Tract & Nucleus (Somatosensory nuclei)- CNV

Sup. & Inf. Sensory ganglia (Sensory ganglia)- CN IX/X

Cochlear nuclei and Vestibular nuclei (Sensory ganglia)- CN VIII

Mesencephalic Nucleus of Trigeminal (Somatosensory nuclei)- CN V

Vestibular Nuclei

28
Q

List the parasympathetic nuclei

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus- CN III

Superior salivatory nucleus- CN VII

Inferior salivatory nucleus- CN IX

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus- CN X

29
Q

List visceral sensory nuclei

A

Solitary nucleus

(nucleus of the solitary tract)

  • Gustatory portion
  • Abdominal Viscerla portion
  • Cardio-respiratory portion
30
Q

All auditory nucleus of medulla and pons are interconnected and send info up to _________and bundle of axons carrying info to form the ________.

A

inferior colliculi; lateral lemniscus

31
Q

What tract is critical for controlling eye movements and connects the vestibular system and reticular and motor nuclei (particullary oculomotor) involved with moving your head?

A

Medail Longitudinal Fasciculus

NOTE: relationship to nuc. III, IV, VI, XII

32
Q

Which tract is the main tract for voluntary motor control, contains corticospinal & corticobulbar fibers and partially decussates in lower medulla?

A

Pyramidal tract

33
Q

Which tract originates in gracile & cuneate nuclei, forms internal arcuate fibers and decussates in lower medulla and ascends brainstem to thalamus?

A

Medial leminscus

34
Q

Which tract is the brainstem auditory pathway (cochlear nucleus) to inferior colliculus?

A

Lateral leminiscus

35
Q

What structure is this? Label defining areas.

A

Closed medulla

Closed medulla= little bit of ventricle and neural tissue above it

36
Q

What is the course of gracile nuclei?

A

Gracile nuclei start from the left gracile nuclei, which give off axons becoming the internal arcuate fibers going to the contralateral medial lemincus and then up the brainstem to the thalamus

37
Q

•Medial leminiscus fibers come from ________ and _______ nuclei

A

gracile and cuneate

38
Q

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus fibers come down from _________ nuclei.

A

Vestibular

39
Q

Decussation of pyramids is landmark of_________medulla

The pyramids become the ventral and lateral ____________.

A

lower; corticospinal tracts

40
Q

What structure is this? Label defining structures.

A

Open Medulla

Here the roof the 4th ventricle is the choroid plexus making it the open medulla

41
Q

_____________ is all the fibers coming from the spinal cord to get into the cerebellum and fibers from cerebellum going to the spinal cord

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

What is this structure? Label defining structures.

A

Caudal pons

The caudal pons are found by cutting through the middle cerebellar peducle

•In the caudal pins you can find abducens and facial motor nuclei

43
Q

The corticospinal fibers form the ____________

A

pyramids

44
Q

What structure is this? Label defining structures.

A

Rostral pons- trigeminal motor nucleus

45
Q

What structure is this? Label defining structures.

A

Caudal midbrain

4th ventricle is a narrow tube in the midbrain

Trochlear nucleus and decussation of Superior Cerebellar peducle fibers

Caudal midbrain goes through the inferior colliculus

46
Q

What structure is this? Label defining structures?

A

Rostral Midbrain

  • Oculomotor nucleus
  • Red nucleus
  • This is the rostral midbrain because it is going through the superior colliculus.
47
Q

The fiber bundle in the cerebral peduncle is
________________

A

crus cerebri

48
Q

Which types of axons are found in the crus cerebri?

A

Corticospinal fibers

Corticopontine

  • Go to pontine neurons and synapse there and begins pontine cerebellar pathway into cerebellum

Corticobulbar fibers

  • From cortex to brainstem
  • Voluntary actions
49
Q

The red nucleus is associated with ____________

A

The control of limb movements

50
Q

The oculomotor root emerges from the ___________.

A

interpeduncular fossa

SF2- Exam 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions