Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

where is open and closed medulla?

Answer 1

lower medulla is closed, upper medulla is open.

Question 2

what does open medulla refer to?

Answer 2

presence of 4th ventricle

Question 3

characteristic feature of medulla

Answer 3

pyramids (ventral)

Question 4

characteristic feature of pons

Answer 4

fibers going across (bridge) (ventral)

Question 5

where are the pyramidal tracts in the pons?

Answer 5

they are embedded in the fibers running laterally, going from cortex to spine

Question 6

characteristic feature of midbrain

Answer 6

lateral cerebral peduncles (ventral)

Question 7

cerebral peduncles are…

Answer 7

…massive bundles carrying motor information

Question 8

how to distinguish lower vs upper pons

Answer 8

upper pons has much smaller ventricular space (dorsal)

Question 9

what is the only motor nuclei that has two motor neurons in the chain? and what does it do?

Answer 9

GVE. controls glands and smooth muscle

Question 10

hemiplegia

Answer 10

loss of motor control on one side

Question 11

only GSA/temp nucleus in the brain

Answer 11

descending trigeminal nucleus

Question 12

what’s the main SVA modality? from where?

Answer 12

taste, from the epiglottis

Question 13

hemiparesis

Answer 13

weakness on one side. less severe than hemiplegia

Question 14

olfactory tract can also be called

Answer 14

olfactory peduncle

Question 15

scotoma

Answer 15

a little blind spot

Question 16

what if you lost right optic nerve?

Answer 16

blindness in right eye

Question 17

what if you lost your right optic tract?

Answer 17

you would lose your left visual field

Question 18

what if the optic chiasm was severed?

Answer 18

you would lose the outer (temporal) visual fields in both eyes

Question 19

biggest nerve that controls eye movement?

Answer 19

oculomotor

Question 20

oculomotor nerve connects to how many of the 6 eye muscles? which?

Answer 20

4/6. medial/superior/inferior rectus, and inferior oblique

Question 21

trochlear nerve is the only….

Answer 21

…entirely crossed nerve. it only controls the contralateral superior oblique muscle

Question 22

what does the trochlear nerve do?

Answer 22

controls superior oblique muscle, turns contralateral eye down and medially

Question 23

medial longitudinal fasciculus carries information about…

Answer 23

…the direction that the eyes should move

Question 24

nystagmus

Answer 24

the slow/fast eye movement reflex when you’re spinning. like in the subway if you’re watching the tunnel go by? nystagmus direction is the direction of the fast movement

Question 25

which nerve is not really a nerve?

Answer 25

the optic nerve

Question 26

cranial nerve I

Answer 26

olfactory (you have one nose)

Question 27

glomerulus

Answer 27

region in olfactory bulb where olfactory receptors synapse onto second order olfactory neurons

Question 28

olfactory tract bypasses what (1 answer) on its way where (4 answers)?

Answer 28

reticular formation; piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

Question 29

cranial nerve II

Answer 29

optic (you have 2 eyes)

Question 30

optic tract

Answer 30

the name for the fiber tract between the optic chiasm and the LGN; each optic tract contains information from one half of visual field

Question 31

topography of V1

Answer 31

superior bank of calcarine sulcus represents lower visual field; inferior bank of calcarine sulcus represents upper visual field. information from macula is most posterior

Question 32

cranial nerve III

Answer 32

oculomotor

Question 33

GVE function of oculomotor nerve

Answer 33

pupillary constriction, comes from Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Question 34

cranial nerve IV

Answer 34

trochlear nerve (trochlea means 'pulley', you get bullied if you're cross-eyed)

Question 35

cranial nerve V

Answer 35

trigeminal nerve

Question 36

trigeminal nerve functions

Answer 36

three branches, three functions: 1) SVE from trigeminal motor nucleus to chewing muscles 2) GSA pain and temp from face to descending trigeminal nucleus to contralateral VPM 3) GSA fine touch from face to principal sensory nucleus to bilateral VPM (p.s. very important! three functions are spread across three branches- that's just a mnemonic!)

Question 37

cranial nerve VI

Answer 37

abducens (you have 6 abs), GSE to lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Question 38

cranial nerve VII

Answer 38

facial

Question 39

innervation pattern of face by facial nerve

Answer 39

SVE from facial motor nucleus to facial expression muscles; lateral part to lower face, intermediate part to upper face

Question 40

SVA function of facial nerve

Answer 40

taste from anterior 2/3 tongue

Question 41

cranial nerve VIII

Answer 41

vestibular and auditory (ear sort of looks like an 8)

Question 42

auditory functions of CN VIII

Answer 42

SSA from spiral ganglion > d. and v. cochlear nuclei > superior olive > inferior colliculus > MGB (thalamus) > A1

Question 43

topography of cochlea

Answer 43

tonotopic map, base of cochlea prefers higher frequencies, apex prefers lower frequencies

Question 44

cranial nerve XII

Answer 44

hypoglossal, to ipsilateral tongue

Question 45

cranial nerve XI

Answer 45

accessory

Question 46

SVE of accessory nerve

Answer 46

11th nerve, 11 looks like a pair of arms, innervates upper trapezius and neck

Question 47

what 3-char class is pain/temp?

Answer 47

GSA or GVA

Question 48

what 3-char class is touch?

Answer 48

GSA

Question 49

what 3-char class is muscle and joint sent?

Answer 49

GSA

Question 50

what 3-char class is auditory sense?

Answer 50

SSA

Question 51

what 3-char class is vestibular sense?

Answer 51

SSA

Question 52

what 3-char class is pressure/distention/damage?

Answer 52

GVA

Question 53

what 3-char class is taste?

Answer 53

SVA

Question 54

what 3-char class is smell?

Answer 54

SVA

Question 55

what 3-char class is striated muscle motor neurons?

Answer 55

GSE

Question 56

what 3-char class is preganglionic motor neurons to control glands and smooth muscle?

Answer 56

GVE

Question 57

what 3-char class is motor neurons for striated muscles of branchiomeric origin?

Answer 57

SVE

Question 58

what do the GSE fibers in 12-hypoglossal do?

Answer 58

ipsilateral tongue muscles

Question 59

what does a lesion to GSE 12-hypoglossal cause?

Answer 59

ipsilateral tongue deviation

Question 60

what do the GSA fibers in 12-hypoglossal carry?

Answer 60

tongue muscle afferents

Question 61

what do the SVE fibers in 11-accessory do? (2)

Answer 61

flex neck, raise shoulder

Question 62

what do the GSA fibers in 9-11 carry? (2)

Answer 62

info from eustachian tube, posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 63

where do the GSA fibers in 9-11 project to?

Answer 63

descending trigem nucleus

Question 64

what do the SVA fibers in 9-11 carry?

Answer 64

afferents from inferior ganglion for taste in the posterior 1/3 of tongue, taste from epiglottis

Question 65

what do the SVE fibers in 9-11 do?

Answer 65

control pharynx/larynx

Question 66

where do the SVE fibers in 9-11 project from?

Answer 66

nuc ambiguus

Question 67

what do the SVE fibers in 5-trigeminal do?

Answer 67

chewing muscles

Question 68

what do the GSA fibers in 5-trigeminal carry?

Answer 68

pain/temp and fine touch

Question 69

where do pain-temp GSA fibers in 5-trigeminal project to?

Answer 69

descending trigeminal nuc, to contralateral VPM

Question 70

where do fine touch GSA fibers in 5-trigeminal project to?

Answer 70

principal sensory nucleus of 5, to bilateral VPM

Question 71

what would hoarseness be caused by?

Answer 71

lesion to SVE in 9-11.

Question 72

where do the SSA fibers in 8-auditory go?

Answer 72

spiral ganglion to dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Question 73

what do the medial vs lateral SVE fibers in 7-facial control?

Answer 73

medial controls upper, and lateral controls lower muscles of facial expression