Brainstem Centers

Question 1

Cortical Structures that send input to the spinal coard are

Answer 1

primary motor cortex
prefrontal cortex
somatosensory and parietal association cortex

Question 2

Subcortical structures that send input to the sp cd are:

Answer 2

basal ganglia
cerebellum
thalamus

Question 3

Rubrospinal tract:

Many small __________ neurons in the red nucleus project to inferior olive

Answer 3

parvocells

Question 4

Neurons in the rubrospinal tract decussate at the level of the

Answer 4

Midbrain at the ventral tegmental decussation

Question 5

The rubrospinal tract begins in

Answer 5

the midbrain at the red nucleus… then decussates right away in the ventral tegmental decussation

Question 6

Once the inferior olivary nucleus recieve the rubrospinal tract, it sends input to the :

Answer 6

cerebellum or the (olivo-cerebellar tract)

Question 7

Info from olive to cerebellum from rubrospinal tract is to

Answer 7

modulate cerebellum activity ( participates in learning and memory fnx of cerebellum)

Question 8

rubrospinal: from cerebellum info goes to _____ and send contralateral to red nucleus

Answer 8

thalamus

Question 9

Red nucleus via olivary nucleus will provide feedback loop to cerebellum to allow for:

Answer 9

feedback loop to allow adaption of cerebellar circuits

~~ keeps movements non-jerky

Question 10

Decorticate Posturing/Rigidity seen when

Answer 10

cortical input to red nucleus is eliminated while cerebellar to red nuclues and rubrospinal is intact

Question 11

Decorticate posture:
Cortical input to red nucleus is:
Cerebellar input to red nucleus is:
Rubrospinal tract is:

Answer 11

ELIMATED
intact
intact

Question 12

In Decorticate posture/Rigitidy we see

Answer 12

upper limbs flexed to core and extention of lower limbs

cortex can no longer communated with brain stem

Question 13

Decorticate posture is due to damage in the:

Answer 13

upper midbrain

Question 14

Lower midbrain damage–>

Answer 14

Decerebrate posturing

Question 15

Symptoms of decerebrate syndrome/lower midbrain damage

Answer 15

Patient extends upper and lower limbs

Question 16

patients extends upper and lower limbs… damage in

Answer 16

lower midbrain

Question 17

Benedikts sydrome is:

Answer 17

unilateral lesion of red nuclues in the midbrain

Question 18

Symptoms of benedikts syndrome

Answer 18

CN III injury: ipsilateral oculomotor palsy (eye deviates laterally, ptosis, pupil is fixed and dialated)
Contralateral tremor

Question 19

CN III injury: ipsilateral oculomotor palsy (eye deviates laterally, ptosis, pupil is fixed and dialated)
Contralateral tremor

Answer 19

Benedikts syndrome or unilateral lesion of red nucleus

Question 20

rubrospinal tract lesion usually occurs in conjunction with:

Answer 20

corticospinal tract lesions

Question 21

Pathway that facilitates reflexive turning movments of the eyes and head and upward gazee

Answer 21

Tectospinal tract

Question 22

_________fibers arise in retina, visual cortex and inferior paretal lobes to project to superior colliculus

Answer 22

Corticotectal fibers

Question 23

Tectospinal fibers start in the ______ and decussate in the _______

Answer 23

superior colliculus
dorsal tegmentum
(in the midbrain)

Question 24

Tectospinal fiberes end in the ipsi/contralateral cervicle spinal cord at the _________

Answer 24

Contralateral

CN XI nucleus with sternodcleomastoid

Question 25

Additional fibers from superior colliculus (part of tectospinal) project here to control exraoccular upward gaze

Answer 25

pontime paramedian reticular fomration-->MLF

Question 26

Pairnauads syndrome/Dorsal midbrain syndrome/Collicular syndrome

Answer 26

lesion in region of superior colliculi or posterior commisure leads to eye abnormalities

Question 27

Lesion in the supeiror colliculi or posterior commisure leads to eye abnormalities

Answer 27

Collicular syndrome/Parinauds syndrome/Dorsal midbrain

Question 28

Symptoms of Parinuads syndrome

Answer 28

(lesion of superor colliculi) Loss of upward gaze large, irregular pupils w/ light-near dissociation -eyelid abnormalities (retract or ptosis) convergance-retraction-nystagmus

Question 29

(lesion of superor colliculi) impaired visual gaze large, irregular pupils w/ light-near dissociation (pupils don't constrict with light but do with accomidations) -eyelid abnormalities (retract or ptosis) convergance-retraction-nystagmus

Answer 29

symptoms of parinurads syndrome

Question 30

causes of Parinuads syndrome

Answer 30

Pineal tumor, hydrocephalus

Question 31

Input to superior colliculi

Answer 31

visual cortex

Question 32

Inputs to teh vestibular nuclei

Answer 32

vestibular nerve and cerebellum

Question 33

Cell bodies in the vestibular nuclei w/in brainstem

Answer 33

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 34

Lateral vestibulospinal tract projects ipsi/contralateral within _________ to ALL levels of sp cd

Answer 34

Ipsilaterally | anterior folliculus

Question 35

Lateral vestibulospinal tract functions

Answer 35

innervates extensor (antigravity) muscles in trunk/lower limbs for balance

Question 36

Lesion of vestibular nerve or vestibular nucleus-->

Answer 36

stumbling and or falling toward SIDE of lesion

Question 37

Causes of Lateral Medullary syndrome

Answer 37

occlusion of vertebral artery or PICA

Question 38

Symptoms of Lateral Medullary Syndrome

Answer 38

Side of lesion: dysphagia, dysarthria, lower gag reflex, loss of pain and temp from face, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, nystagmus Contralateral to lesion: loss of pain/temp from body

Question 39

Side of lesion: dysphagia, dysarthria, lower gag reflex, loss of pain and temp from face, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, nystagmus Contralateral to lesion: loss of pain/temp from body

Answer 39

Lateral medullary symtom

Question 40

What cuases the dysphagia, dysarthria, and loss of gag reflex from lateral medullary sydnrome

Answer 40

nuclues ambiguis of CN XI and X on medulla

Question 41

see a checkerboard pattern of loss of pain and temp from face (ipsilateral) and body (contralateral)

Answer 41

lateral medullary syndrome ( PICA or vertebral artery occulsion)

Question 42

Input to medial vestibulospinal nucleus

Answer 42

vestibular nuclei and cerebellum

Question 43

MVST description: | cell bodies in vestibular nuclie are w/in brainstem and projects to _______ within anterior funiclus to :

Answer 43

sp cd | and LMNs associated with spinal accessory nerve

Question 44

projectes to cervical spinal cord and to LMNs associated with spinal accessory nerve

Answer 44

MVST

Question 45

Functionof MVST

Answer 45

adjust head postion in response to posture change coordiates eye movement with each other Vestibuloccular reflex

Question 46

what adjust head position in response to posture change, coordinates eye movment together and a VOR

Answer 46

medial vestibular tract

Question 47

What other CNs do MVST project to through the MLF

Answer 47

CN III, IV, VI to coordiante eye movements with each other

Question 48

Controls neck muscles

Answer 48

Medial VST

Question 49

excites axial extensor ms (antigravity)

Answer 49

Lateral VST

Question 50

Input to reticular nuclei is the

Answer 50

cortex

Question 51

Medullary and Lateral RST is:

Answer 51

bilateral and INHIBITS LMNS to inhibit extensor msl contraction

Question 52

what has bilateral innervation to inhibiti LMNS to prevent extensor msl contraction

Answer 52

Medullary and Lateral reticulospinal Tract (both reticulospinal tract)

Question 53

Reticulospinal tracts are composed of scattered groups of neuron cell bodies and fibers that extend throughout the:

Answer 53

brainstem

Question 54

REticulospinal tract input to reticular nuclei is

Answer 54

cortex

Question 55

Reticulospinal tract from Medullary/lateral RST is:

Answer 55

bilaterall and inhibits LMNs to inhibit msl contration

Question 56

Reticulospinal tract from Pontine/ medial RST:

Answer 56

ipsliateral and Excites LMNS--> stimulates extensor msl contraction

Question 57

Why do we see symptoms we do on Decerebrate rigidity

Answer 57

midbrain transsection removes excitatory coritcal input to the INHIBITORY LRST which ascending input to MRST is intact the faciliaroy influce of MRST is unopposed by inhibitor influence of LRST so we see extensor motor neurons.