Breadth Part 1 Flashcards
(52 cards)
Front
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What and when was the American war for independence, and how did it impact reform?
The American War of Independence (1775–1783) showed that a colony could successfully rebel against tyranny, inspiring British reformers to challenge the political status quo.
When and what was the French revolution?
The French Revolution began in 1789. It was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that led to the end of monarchy and rise of republicanism.
What was the impact of the French revolution on reform?
It inspired British radicals to seek similar reforms, but also provoked conservative backlash fearing revolutionary violence.
What were the three main reasons for support for parliamentary reform between 1790 and 1830?
- Influence of revolutionary ideas, 2. Industrialisation and urbanisation, 3. Growing middle-class demands for representation.
What were Pitt’s three proposals for reform between 1782-5?
- Abolish rotten boroughs, 2. Increase representation for new towns, 3. Reduce government corruption.
When and what was the Corn Law?
The Corn Laws were enacted in 1815 to maintain high grain prices by imposing tariffs on imports, benefiting landowners and hurting consumers.
How did the role of the press lead to reform in 1832 and 1867?
The press spread reformist ideas, mobilised public opinion, and increased political awareness among the working and middle classes.
What and when was Peterloo?
Peterloo was a peaceful protest for reform on 16 August 1819 in Manchester that ended in violence when cavalry charged the crowd.
How many petitions to parliament about reform were there in 1817?
Over 700 petitions were submitted in 1817 demanding reform.
How did the middle classes contribute to reform in 1832?
They formed political unions, pressured MPs, and used their economic influence to push for parliamentary change.
Who was Earl Grey?
Prime Minister from 1830–1834; led the Whigs and oversaw the passing of the 1832 Reform Act.
What was the role of political unions in causing the 1832 reform act?
Groups like the Birmingham Political Union organised mass meetings and petitions that pressured the government to act.
How did the Whig party impact on reform in the period 1830?
They supported moderate reform, introduced the Reform Bill, and worked to reduce aristocratic domination.
What was the catholic emancipation act?
Passed in 1829, it allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament and hold public office.
Who opposed the 1832 act?
Tory aristocrats and conservative MPs who feared losing influence.
Why did Wellington’s government fall in 1830?
He opposed reform and lost a vote of confidence amid rising public pressure.
What was the economic problem of the 1820s?
Post-war economic depression, high unemployment, and social unrest.
What were the events of the County Clare by-election?
Daniel O’Connell, a Catholic, won the seat in 1828 but was legally barred from sitting, prompting the Emancipation Act.
Who was the leader of the Whig party in 1830?
Earl Grey.
What did Lord Grey feel about reform?
He supported reform as a means to preserve the monarchy and avoid revolution.
How did the Whig party feel about reform?
They generally supported moderate reform to prevent more radical changes.
What was proposed in the reform bill in 1831?
Redistribution of seats, abolition of rotten boroughs, and extension of the franchise.
Why was the first reform bill in 1831 rejected?
It faced strong opposition in the House of Lords.
