Breaks nutrtion final Flashcards by Clifford Hawn

What are at least 2 biological advantages that the tuminant gastrointestinal tract provides compared to the non-ruminant digestive system?

Avoid predation / Crepuscular behavior
Improved/ more efficient herbivory

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What are the 5 sacs of rumen and what biological advantage do they provide compared to if the rumen was single continuous compartment

Dorsal, Dorsal blind/ caudal, ventral, ventral blind/ caudal, Cranial/ cardia

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Provide at least 4 defining characteristics of ruminant animals?

Has a Rumen/pregastric fermentation
Muilticompartmented stomach complex
MAmmals
No upper incisors
Obligate herbivores
Ungulates/ split hooves

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What are 2 factors that influence digestion of feed in ruminants

Rate of passage
Rate of fermentation

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What are 2 examples of fermentation end products that are not directly useful to ruminant animals?

Co2 CH4 NO H2S

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Ruminant species have different grazing strategies and differnces in grazing strategies are often related to body size. Why.

Ruminal volume is closely related to body size and total mean retention time is related to ruminal volume.
Small ruminants frequently select more fermentable materials
Large ruminants can be less discriminate

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What are 3 different grazing strategies utilized by ruminant species and describe how they differ from each other

Browse- select shrubs/ leaves/ fruit/ nuts
Graze- less discriminate. selectino of pasture forage
Intermediate- some browse + some graze

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List 3 short-chain fatty acids produced in the rumen that account for almost all organic acids produced from ruminal fermentation

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

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The detergent fiber system commonly results in measures material insoluble in a neutral detergent and material insoluble in an acidic detergent. Which material or fiber most closely reflects all of the fiber components found in plants?

NDF

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The detergent fiber system commonly results in measures material insoluble in a neutral detergent and material insoluble in an acidic detergent. What is the primary difference between the material insoluble acidic and neutral detergent?

Hemicellulose

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If ruminants have no specific requirment for carbohydrates, then why do we feed ruminants carbohydrates

Availability, plants make a lot
Cheap
Easy

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Provide 4 examples of ways that VFA production can be manipulated

Grain: Forage ratio
Feed processing - Mechanical -> grind/ roll
Chemical-> ensiling, heat treate
Drugs + chemicals (buffers, ionophores

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What is the primary difference between starch and cellulose

Starch-alpha bonds
Cellulose- beta bonds

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Which volatile or short-chain fatty acid produced by the rumen accounts for at least 50% of ruminal short-chain fatty acids?

Acetate

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Why is greater amounts of lactic acid production in the rumen a concern

Lactic Acidosis

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Why is greater proportinal of production a propionate commaonly associated with improvements in feed efficency in ruminants

Precursor for glucose synthesis= high glucose
H+ sink= :Lower energy lose thorugh CH4 there fore , Higher G:F

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What is the primary structural heteropolysaccharide that closely associates with lignin?

Hemicellulose

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Which type of starch is less soluble? Why?

Amylose because it is linear

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What is physically effective NDF?

Scratch factor, all NDF > 1.2 mm

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Why is physically effective NDF related to ruminal ph?

Rapidly fermentable feed = Higher Acid load
Therefore, ruminants = Higer saliva (buffer)

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What is an example of negative associative effect when feeding ruminants? Provide an ezplanation of why this negative associative effect would occur?

Microbes ferment specific feedstuffs
ex. corn vs. hay

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What happens to amino acids provided in excess of needs for protein synthesis?

-Deaminate NH3
C-skeleton oxidized for ATP + synthesis of glucose

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Crude protein in diets fed to ruminants consist of true protein and non-protein nitrogen. Which source of nitrogen found in dietary crude protein can contribure to RDP and RUP?

True protein

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What is the primary goal when providing RDP to ruminants?

“Feed microbes”, microbial growth

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Illustrate ruminal femreintatino of carbohydrates. Clearly idenify the different fractions of carbohydrates on the chart

Loock at study guide 4

What is metabolizable protein?

dMCP + dRUP Protein available to be metabolized by the body

Why is diet net energy almost always more limiting to perfomrance in ruminants compared to metabolizable protein supplies?

Net energy is required for all funcitons + Microbes always contribure to MP

Name 2 separate strategies used to improve the amino acid profile of diets fed to ruminants?

- Rumen protected AA - Protein complemnation - Synthetic AA

How does net protein differ from metabolizable protein?

NP-> amount of AA/ true protein from diet used for protein synthesis MP-> protein metabolized or available in the body for digesitno or protein synthesis

What is the goal for protein and carbohydrates synchrony?

To align rates of RDP + CHO

Why do diets that provide sychronous amouts of ruminally degradable protein and fermentable carbohydrates often fail to provide real benefits?

1. Protein requirment derived from ruminal N requirment, So if lower protein doesnt equal nigrogen requirment for microbes = lower MCP effiecency 2. Urea is recycled, so no need to under feed protein

Why is metaboilizable protein (i.e., metabolizalbe amino acids) not usally most limiting nutrient for production in cattle?

Cattle need energy to synthesize protein. Therefore, energy is usally most limiting

What roels does the liver play in nitrogen se by ruminants?

Detoxifying NH3 to urea, urea cycle

Illustrate ruminal fermetation of protein. Clearly idenfyh the different fractions for prtein on the chart

Look at study guide 5

What are 3 factors that can influence rate of protein disapperance in the rumen?

Processing (Heat) Partical size PH

How much metabolizable protein is provide from rumnally degradeble protein?

64%

How does efficincy of protein use for growht in ruminants compare to the efficiency of protein used for growth in many non-ruminants (E.g., pigs, humans, dogs)?

50-65% of MP for protein synthesis Ruminants don't absorb AA as efficient as other animals

What are 4 ways in which ruminants lose water from their body

Resperation urine feces sweat

What is the primary measure of water quality when determining suitabiltiy of a water source for ruminants?

TSS or TDS

What are 4 factors that influence water intake?

Availablilty stage of production DMI Temp Quality

What is the primary concern related to water hardness when evaluating water sources for rumiants?

Facilities-> calcification of minerals on equipment

What is the primary role of vitamins and minerals in total mixed rations fed to cattle?

To make money

What type of vitamins are synthesized by ruminal microbes?

Water-soluble

Which fat solulbe vitamin is the costliest and can be associated with improved immune function?

Vitamin E

How much linear space is required allow a feedlot steer adequate access to water during times of heat stress?

1-3" inches

What vitamin K antagonist is commonly used in rodent poison?

Dicoumarol

What dietary strategy is used to prevent milk fever in dairy cows?

Feed DCAD Diet

What vitamins are functionally required by ruminants after they have developed pregastric fermentation?

Water-Soluble

List at least 2 common ingredients used to add calcium to ruminant diets. Clearly identify which ingredient has greater standard for calcium concentration.

Limestone (CaCO3) Aglime

What disease is commonly associated with large concetrations of dietary sulfur (0.45% diet DM) in ruminant rations?

PEM

Grass tetany can be a problem among ruminants graing lush legumes (e.g., clover) Why?

High concentration of K in plants = lower absorption of Mg Interrupts

Which micro-mineral commonly fed has a toxicity in sheep at levels similar to requirments for cattle?

Copper

Which micro-mineral is important for proper thyroid function?

Iodine

list 2 water soluble vitamins that have been reported to have benefits related to lipid synthesis and mobilization?

Niacin + Choline

Zinc is an essential trace mineral fed to ruminants. What aspect of zinc absorption from the ruminant digestive tract makes it difficult to determine zinc requirements and largely prevents zinc toxicity?

Regulates Zn absorption relative to its need Feed lower zinc= more efficient absorption Feed higher zinc= less efficient absorption

What trace mineral has variable concentrations across different regions in the United States, when deficient can contribute to White Muscle Disease in calves, and is tightly regulated in cattle feed to prevent toxicity?

Selenium

What are 4 factors that influence digestion according to the reactor theory of digestion? Circle those factors which positively influence digestion when all other factors remain the s a m e .

1. reaction rate 2. digesta retention time 3. concentration of reactants 4. Reactor volume 1 and 2 are circled

Illustrate relationship of rate of appearance and time of an indigestible marker when fed to cattle. Clearly label the x- and y-axis. Clearly identify each separate area of marker pooling by labeling k1 and k2. Also, identify the transit time. 4 point

look at graph on quiz 8

What are 3 things that have to occur in order for a young ruminant to develop a functional rumen after birth?

1. change Compartment size 2.Develope papillae 3. Microbial inoculation

What factor has the greatest impact on papillae develop in young ruminants?

Fermentative end-products - VFA production -> butyrate

What factor in the reactor theory of digestion contributes to less digestion when all other factors are the same but can contribute to greater digesta retention time?

Reactor Volume

What is the maximum allowable concentration of Se that can be legally added to cattle rations on a dry matter basis?

0.3 mg Se/ Kg DM

What are the four stages involved in rumination?

Regurgitation Desalination Remastification Redeglutition

What is one of the principle hormones associated with hunger for daily intervals of feed intake and what organ or tissue type is predominately responsible for its production?

Ghrelin- abomasum

What is one of the principles associated with satiety for daily intervals of feed intake and what organ or tissue type is predominately responsible for its production?

Leptin- adipocytes

What is chemostatic regulation of intake

Energy content along w/ other nutrient signals tht contribute to satiety and hunger

What is physical fill regulation of intake/

Available volume of rumen

Illustrate relationship of caloric intake and energy density of a diet fed to cattle. Clearly label the x- and y-axis. Identify the point where chemostatic control limits intake compared to physical fill.

Look on graph on quiz nine

Generally what metabolizable energy concentration in a feed or ration is associated with hemostatic control point?

40-44 Mcal

It is difficult to determine when intake is limited by physical fill in ruminants; however NDF is often used to estimate limits in physical fill. Intake of NDF at what percentage of body weight is typically thought to represent physial fill limits in ruminants?

1.2-1.3%

Androgenic implants in beef cattle influence growth, in part by increasing production of insulin-like growth factor-1. Insuline like growth factor-1 reduces suppression of hepatic gluconeogensis by insulin. Recalling what you know about the hepatic oxidation therory, what impacts would you expect implants to have on short-term feeding behavior in beef cattle? Explain why you would expect implants to influence short-term feeding behavior in that way

higher Gluconeogensis= lower HOT= higher meal sizes Implant increase meal sizes because of lower oxidation of fuels decreases satiety

Which ionophore contributes to reductions in daily feed intake?

Monensin

What drives predictions of dry matter intake when one assumes no enviromental or outside influences?

Energy content of feed Stage of production - NEm -NEl -NEg BW Breed

Descrive at least 4 factors that influences predictions of dry matter intake

1. implants 2. Breed factor 3. Graze (Forage Avalabiltity) 4. Body fat 5. Temp 6. Mud

If adipose is associated with one of the predominante hormones of satiety then why doe obese animals not always eat less amounts of food in a day than their non-obese counterparts?

Insulin blocks leptin becasue adipose is less sensitive to insulin, therfore never having a feeling of satiety

Are predictions of daily dry matter intake increased, decreased or not affected by anabolic steroids? If so, then how much are predictions of dry matter influenced by anabolic steroids?

Increased by 4%

What are 4 sources of protein loss in ruminants?

Endogenous protein in feces Urine Hair Skin

Why is gain predominantely predicted by energy intake?

As animals ature physically, lower protein rate of gain and higher fat rate of gain. Therefore, energy density of the body high with more body fat. Higher energy must go in to support the next pound of gain.

Using less than 2 words, what does equvalent empty body weight represent?

Physiological maturity

When is amount of gain per amount of feed consume least efficient?

In older ruminants

In what year were measures publsihed for determinantion of EQSBW?

1984

Breaks nutrtion final Flashcards

(81 cards)