Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 Surgery > Breast Conditions > Flashcards

Breast Conditions Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a Fibroadenoma?

A 
Most common benign breast lesion
Affects women of reproductive age
Proliferation of stromal/epithelial tissue
Highly mobile
Well defined
Rubbery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an Adenoma?

A

Benign gladular tumour
Nodular
Mimics malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a Papilloma?

A

40s-50s
Usually Sub-areolar
Bloody/clear nipple discharge
Requires biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Lipoma?

A

Soft/Mobile adipose tumour

Otherwise asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Phyllodes tumour?

A

Rare fibroepithelial tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

As a rule, how do benign breast lumps present?

A

Mobile
Smooth Border
Multiple lumps are common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the triple assessment entail?

A

History and Examination
Imaging
Histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Gynaecomastia?

A

A condition in which males develop breast tissue due to an imbalanced ratio of oestrogen and androgen activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common causes of Gynaecomastia?

A

Pathological

Physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does Physiological Gynaecomastia present?

A

Adolescence, due to a delayed testosterone surge during puberty
Can also present in older patients due to declining testosterone levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some Pathological causes of Gynaecomastia?

A

Lack of testosterone
Increased Oestrogen
Medication
Idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the clinical features of Gynaecomastia?

A

Insidious onset

Rubbery/Firm mass that starts under the nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What additional exam should you consider if you suspect the patient has Gynaecomastia?

A

Testicular exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Pseudogynaecomastia?

A

Fat deposits in the breast that give the appearance of Gynaecomastia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Mastitis?

A

Inflammation of breast tissue, which can be acute or chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common subtypes of Mastitis?

A

Lactational

Non-Lactational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical features of Mastitis?

A

Tenderness
Swelling
Induration
Erythema over the area of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the management for Mastitis?

A

Empirical antibiotic therapy

Analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Breast Cysts?

A

Epithelial-lined fluid-filled cavities which form when lobules become distended due to blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical features of Breast Cysts?

A

Singular/Multiple Lumps
Distinct smooth masses
Tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Mammary Duct Ectasia?

A

Dilation and shortening of the major lactiferous ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the clinical features of Mammary Duct Ectasia?

A

Coloured Green/Yellow Nipple Discharge
Palpable Mass
Nipple Retraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Fat Necrosis?

A

Acute inflammatory response in the breast leading to ischaemic necrosis of fat lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some causes of Fat Necrosis?

A

Blunt trauma

Surgical/Radiological Intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the clinical features of Fat Necrosis?
``` Asymptomatic Lump Fluid Discharge Skin Dimpling Pain Nipple Inversion ```
26
What are Breast Carcinomas in Situ?
Malignancies contained within the basement membrane tissue
27
What are the common types of Breast Carcinoma in Situ?
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) | Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
28
What is DCIS?
Malignancy of breast tissue that is contained within the basement membrane
29
What is the treatment for DCIS?
Excision of the affected area
30
What is LCIS?
Malignancy of the secretory lobules of the breast
31
What are the classifications of Invasive breast cancer?
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Other Subtypes
32
What are Risk Factors for Invasive Breast Cancer?
``` Female sex Age BRCA1/2 mutations Family Hx in first degree relative Previous Benign disease Obesity Alcohol Early Menarche Late Menopause Nulliparous Women Oral Contraception HRT ```
33
What are clinical features of invasive breast cancer?
``` Symptomatic Asymptomatic via Screening Breast Lumps Asymmetry Swelling Abnormal nipple discharge Nipple retraction Skin Changes Mastalgia ```
34
What is Pagets disease of the Nipple?
Rare condition presenting as roughening, reddening and ulceration of the nipple
35
Histologically, what is Pagets Disease of the Nipple?
Involvement of the epidermis by malignant ductal carcinoma cells
36
What are clinical features of Pagets disease of the nipple?
``` Itching/Redness in the nipple/areola Flaking/Thickened skin around the nipple Painful and Sensitive Flattened nipple +/- Yellow/Bloody discharge ```
37
What must be excluded with any presenting breast lump?
Breast Carcinoma
38
How can breast lumps present?
Discrete Lumps Generalised Swelling Swellings behind the breast
39
How can causes of discrete breast lumps be sub-classified?
Benign | Malignant
40
What are some malignant causes of discrete breast lumps?
Carcinoma | Phyllodes Tumour
41
What are some benign causes of discrete breast lumps?
``` Fibroadenoma Cyst Duct ectasia Sebaceous cyst Galactocoele Fat Necrosis Lipoma TB abscess ```
42
What are some causes of generalised breast swelling?
Pregnancy Lactation Puberty Mastitis
43
What are some causes of swellings behind the breast?
Retromammary abscess Tietze's disease Rib deformities Chondroma of the costal cartilage
44
What are some risk factors for breast carcinoma in the patient history?
``` FHx Nulliparous state Early Menarche Late menopause Hx of Cystic Hyperplasia ```
45
How can a breast carcinoma present?
Breast lump Skin Dimpling Nipple Retraction Axillary swelling
46
Where does breast carcinoma commonly metastasise to?
Brain Bone Liver Lung
47
What are some signs of metastatic breast cancer?
Jaundice - Liver involvement Bone pain - Bone involvement Confusion - Brain involvement Breathlessness - Lung involvement
48
What are some common causes of breast lumps in the pregnant/lactating woman?
Mastitis Abscess Galactocoele
49
What is the most common cause of fat necrosis?
Breast Trauma
50
How does Duct ectasia commonly present?
Aged >50 Retroareolar pain Nipple retraction Thick, creamy discharge
51
How does a Fibroadenoma usually present?
Aged 15-25 | Non-tender mobile swelling
52
What may be found upon examination of a breast carcinoma?
``` Hard irregular swelling fixed to skin/fixed deeper Skin dimpling Nipple retraction Pagets disease of the nipple Axillary Lymphadenopathy Supraclavicular Lymphadenopathy Hepatomegaly Pathological fractures ```
53
What may be found upon examination of a Phyllodes tumour?
Mobile mass, may become very large
54
What may be found upon examination of a Fibroadenoma?
Smooth, rounded, mobile mass
55
What is a Fibroadenoma also known as?
Breast mouse - very mobile
56
What may be found upon examination of a breast cyst?
Smooth, mobile, possibly tender swelling | Generalised breast lumpiness
57
What may be found upon examination of a Galactocoele?
Smooth, mobile swelling in the lactating breast
58
What may be found upon examination of Fat Necrosis?
Hard irregular swelling, possibly with overlying bruising
59
What may be found upon examination of a lipoma?
Soft, lobulated swelling
60
What may be found upon examination of Duct Ectasia?
Tender retro-areolar area Erythema Nipple retraction Thick, creamy discharge
61
What may be found upon examination of a Sebaceous cyst?
Mobile swelling, fixed to skin
62
What may be found upon examination of mastitis?
Enlarged, tender, hot breast
63
What are some appropriate common investigations for a breast lump?
FBC LFTs Serum Ca CXR
64
What are some specific tests that can be used to diagnose a breast lump?
``` Fine Needle Aspirate and Cytology Mammography Open Excision and Biopsy USS - Better than mammo in young women CT Chest/Abdo and Head Genetic Testing - BRCA1 and BRCA2 ```

Year 3 Surgery (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions