Urology Conditions

Question 1

What is Dysuria?

Answer 1

Pain that arises from irritation of the urethra that is felt during micturition

Question 2

What is Frequency?

Answer 2

Increased passage of urine during daytime

Question 3

What is Nocturia?

Answer 3

Increased passage of urine at night

Question 4

What is Urgency?

Answer 4

An uncontrollable desire to micturate that might be associated with incontinence

Question 5

What is Acute Pyelonephritis?

Answer 5

An upper urinary tract infection

Question 6

What are some predisposing factors of Acute Pyelonephritis?

Answer 6

Outflow Tract Obstruction (Stone)
Vesicoureteric reflux
Renal/Bladder Calculi
Diabetes Mellitus
Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction

Question 7

What are some clinical features of Acute Pyelonephritis?

Answer 7

Pyrexia
Rigors
Flank Pain
Dysuria
Malaise
Anorexia
Dipstick +ve MSU

Question 8

What is Acute Cystitis?

Answer 8

Acute inflammation of the urinary bladder

Question 9

What is the main cause of Acute Cystitis?

Answer 9

Lower Tract infection due to coliform bacteria, more common in females

Question 10

What are some clinical features of Acute Cystitis?

Answer 10

Dysuria
Frequency
Urgency
Suprapubic Pain
Lower back Pain
Incontinence
Microscopic Haematuria

Question 11

What is Urethritis?

Answer 11

Inflammation of the Urethra

Question 12

What is the cause of Urethritis?

Answer 12

STIs

Question 13

What are some clinical features of urethritis?

Answer 13

Dysuria
Meatal Pruritis
3-10 days after contact
Discharge

Question 14

What is Acute Urinary Retention?

Answer 14

A new onset inability to pass urine which leads to pain and discomfort, with significant residual volumes

Question 15

What are some causes of Acute Urinary Retention?

Answer 15

BPH
UTI
Constipation
Severe Pain
Anti-Muscarinics
Spinal Anaesthesia
Neurological

Question 16

What are the clinical features of Acute Urinary Retention?

Answer 16

Suprapubic Pain
Inability to Micturate
Palpable Distended Bladder

Question 17

What investigations should be ordered for Acute Urinary Retention?

Answer 17

Post-void bladder scan
FBC, CRP, U+E, MSU/CSU
USS - ?Hydronephrosis

Question 18

What are the management options for acute urinary retention?

Answer 18

Immediate Catheterisation, then TWOC after 24/48h

Treatment of underlying cause

Question 19

What is a possible complication of acute urinary retention?

Answer 19

Excess diuresis post-catheterisation giving AKI

Question 20

What is Chronic Urinary Retention?

Answer 20

The painless inability of the patient to pass urine

Question 21

What are some causes of Chronic Urinary Retention?

Answer 21

BPH - (Men)
Urethral Strictures
Prostate Ca
Pelvic Prolapse/Masses - (Women)
Neurological - MS/Parkinsons

Question 22

What are some clinical features of Chronic Urinary Retention?

Answer 22

Painless urinary retention
Weak stream
Hesitancy
Reduced Functional Capacity
Overflow incontinence
Palpable distended bladder

Question 23

What are some appropriate investigations for Chronic Urinary Retention?

Answer 23

Post-void bladder scan
FBC, CRP, U+E
USS - ?Hydronephrosis

Question 24

What are the management options for Chronic Urinary Retention?

Answer 24

Long Term Catheter
Intermittent Self-Catheterisation
Suprapubic Catheter
Correction of underlying cause

Question 25

What are possible complications with Chronic Urinary Retention?

Answer 25

Recurrent UTIs Bladder Calculi CKD

Question 26

What is Urinary Incontinence?

Answer 26

The involuntary leakage of urine

Question 27

What are the subtypes of Urinary Incontinence?

Answer 27

``` Stress Urge Mixed Overflow Continuous ```

Question 28

What is Stresss incontinence?

Answer 28

Leakage of urine when intra-abdominal pressure exceeds the urethral pressure

Question 29

What are some causes of stress incontinence?

Answer 29

Post-partum Constipation Obesity Pelvic Floor surgery

Question 30

What is urge incontinence?

Answer 30

Overactive bladder leads to bladder contraction giving a rise in intravesical pressure and urine leakage

Question 31

What are some causes of urge incontinence?

Answer 31

Neurogenic Infection Malignancy Idiopathic

Question 32

What is Mixed incontinence?

Answer 32

A mixture of Stress and Urge incontinence

Question 33

What is Overflow incontinence?

Answer 33

A complication of chronic retention, leading to a reduced bladder sensation

Question 34

Which conditions commonly give overflow incontinence?

Answer 34

BPH | Spinal cord injury

Question 35

What is Continuous incontinence?

Answer 35

There is a continuous leakage of urine, usually due to a congenital malformation

Question 36

What investigations should be performed for incontinence?

Answer 36

Post-void USS Urodynamic assessment Cystoscopy

Question 37

What are some conservative management options of incontinence?

Answer 37

Pelvic Floor muscle training Bladder training Anti-muscarinics

Question 38

What are some surgical options for incontinence?

Answer 38

Botox injections Vaginal tape Sacral nerve stimulators

Question 39

What are Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)

Answer 39

A term used to describe an array of symptoms affecting the control and quality of micturition

Question 40

What are some causes of LUTS in males?

Answer 40

``` BPH UTI Malignancy Detrusor Weakness Chronic Prostatitis Urethral stricture External compression Neurological disease ```

Question 41

What are some causes of LUTS in females?

Answer 41

``` UTI Menopause Malignancy Detrusor weakness Urethral stricture External compression Neurological disease ```

Question 42

How can LUTS be sub-divided?

Answer 42

Storage symptoms | Voiding symptoms

Question 43

What are some storage symptoms?

Answer 43

Urgency Frequency Nocturia Urinary incontinence

Question 44

What are some voiding symptoms?

Answer 44

``` Hesitancy Intermittency Straining Terminal dribbling Incomplete emptying ```

Question 45

What are some conservative management options for LUTS?

Answer 45

Regulate fluid intake Urethral milking/double voiding Pelvic floor exercises Bladder training techniques

Question 46

What are potential complications with LUTS?

Answer 46

Infection Renal/Bladder Calculi Renal failure Bilateral Hydronephroses

Question 47

What are the potential subtypes of bladder cancer?

Answer 47

Transitional Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Sarcoma

Question 48

What are the 4 layers of the bladder wall, going inner - outer?

Answer 48

Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium) Lamina Propria Muscularis Propria Fatty Connective Tissue

Question 49

What are some risk factors for bladder cancer?

Answer 49

``` Smoking Age Exposure to aeromatic hydrocarbons Schistosomiasis Previous radiation to Pelvis ```

Question 50

What are some clinical features of bladder cancer?

Answer 50

``` Painless haematuria Recurrent UTIs Frequency Urgency Feeling of incomplete voiding ```

Question 51

What are some treatment options for bladder cancer?

Answer 51

TURBT Adjuvant intravesical therapy Radical Cystectomy