Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MB3 Obstetrics and Gynaecology > Breast pathology > Flashcards

Breast pathology Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

methods of cytopathology biopsy

A

FNA
fluid
nipple discharge
nipple scrape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

FNA grading of breast lumps

A 
C1 - unsatisfactory 
C2 - benign 
C3 - atypical, probably benign 
C4 - suspicion of malignancy 
C5 - malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

diagnostic histopathology methods

A

core biopsy
vacuum assisted biopsy
skin biopsy
incisional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

needle core biopsy grading of breast lumps

A 
B1 - unsatisfactory/normal 
B2 - benign 
B3 - atpical but probably benign
B4 - suspicious of malignancy 
B5a - CIS 
B5b - invasive carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

therapeutic histopathology methods

A

vacuum assisted excision
excision biopsy
resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

developmental anomalies causing benign breast disease?

A

hypoplasia
juvenile hypertrophy
accessory breast tissue
accessory nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

inflammatory conditions causing benign breast disease?

A

mastitis
abscess
duct ectasia
fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

benign disease causing breast disease?

A

phyllodes tumour

intraduct papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

non-neoplastic disease causing benign breast disease?

A

gynaecomastia
fibrocystic change
hamartoma
sclerosing lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is gynaecomastia

A

ductal growth without lobular development leading to breast development in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of gynaecomastia

A

liver disease
endogenous or exogenous steroid
prescription medication
cannabis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who is fibrocystic change more common in

A

40-50 but can be as early as 20
late menopause of early menarche
often resolve of diminish after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

presentation of fibrocystic change

A 
asymptomatic 
smooth or discrete lump
sudden pain 
cyclical change 
hormonal variation 
lumpiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microscopic appearance of fibrocystic change

A

thin walled
fibrotic
apocrine epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

management of fibrocystic change

A

exclude malignancy
reassure
remove if needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a hamartoma

A

circumscribed lesion of cell types normal to breast but in abnormal proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

who is fibroadenoma more common in

A

20s
black afrocaribbean women
often incidental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does fibroadenoma present

A

painless firm, discrete, mobile mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the biphasic appearance of fibroadenoma

A

appearance of epithelia and stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

treatment of fibroadenoma

A

diagnose and reassure

excise if needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who is sclerosing adenosis more common in and how may it present

A

20-70

often asymptomatic but may be pain, tenderness, lumpiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how big is a radial scar

A

1-9mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how big is a complex sclerosing lesion

A

> 10mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how may a CSL or radial scar appear

A

stellate

fibroelastic core and dilated ductules with epithelial proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
causes of fat necrosis
local trauma | warfarin
26
describe method of fat necrosis
damage and disruption to adipocyte leading to infiltration by inflammatory cells
27
what is duct ectasia
widening of subaraeolar duct(s) leading to possible block, inflammation, fistulation
28
presentation of duct ectasia
bloody/purulent discharge fistulation nipple retraction
29
causes of duct ectasia
smoking | older age
30
management of duct ectasia
treat infection exclude cancer stop smoking surgical removal of duct
31
causes of acute mastitis and organisms
lactation - staph aureus and strep pyogenes | duct ectasia - mixed or anaerobes
32
management of acute mastitis
abx percutaneous drain incise and drain treat cause
33
what age does a phyllodes tumour affect and presentation
40-50
34
classification of phyllodes tumour and recurrence?
benign, borderline, malignant | recurs if not adequately excised and rarely can metastasise
35
what age does intraduct papilloma affect
35-60
36
presentation of intraduct papilloma
nipple discharge± blood | nodules or calcification
37
treatment of intraduct papilloma
excise if benign | if malignant excise with margins
38
classification of epithelial proliferative activity in intraduct papilloma
no proliferation - benign usual type hyperplasia - benign atypical ductal hyperplasia - IDP with ADH ductal CIS - IDP with CIS
39
what is breast carcinoma and where does it arise in the breast
malignant adenocarcinoma of breast epithelial cells | glandular epithelia of TDLU
40
ductal precursor lesions?
usual type hyperplasia columnar cell change atypical duct hyperplasia ductal CIS
41
lobular precursor lesions?
atypical lobular hyperplasia | LCIS
42
describe what an in situ breast carcinoma is
carcinoma confined to the basement membrane of acini and duct cytologically malignant but not invasive and a precursor of invasive cancer
43
what is atypical lobular hyperplasia
lobular in situ neoplasia involving <50% lobule
44
what is LCIS
lobular in situ neoplasia involving >50% lobule
45
lobular in situ neoplasia - characteristic cell features
``` small-intermediate nuclei solid proliferation ER+ve intra-cytoplasmic vacuoles Ed cadherin -ve ```
46
true/false - lobular in situ neoplasia is ER+ve
true
47
features of LCIS
multifocal and bilateral incidence decreases post menopause not palpable or visible often incidental as a calcification on mammogram
48
is LCIS a true precursor lesion for invasive cancer
yes, it increases risk 8x
49
management of LCIS
if on core biopsy - excision biopsy or vacuum assisted to exclude higher grade if discovered on vacuum or excision then follow up NO mastectomy
50
grading of ductal CIS
low intermediate high
51
what can high grade ductal CIS be characterised by and describe how this process occurs
comedo necrosis | when epithelial proliferated quicker than vascular supply leading to necrosis of the inside of the inner tumour
52
pathological features DCIS
unicentric from one TDLU malignant epithelial cells but confined to basement membrane can involve lobule
53
what is pagets disease of the breast
high grade DCIS extending along ducts to reach epidermis of nipple still present in situ and non invasive
54
what % of DCIS progress to invasive cancer
75%
55
management of DCIS
diagnosis surgery adjuvant radiotherapy chemoprevention/endocrine therapy
56
what is microinvasive carcinoma
rare classification of DCIS which is high grade with invasion <1mm
57
describe the process of healthy cell breast tissue becoming a low grade invasive carcinoma
low grade DCIS, LCIS, columnar cell change or atypical duct hyperplasia results from healthy cells leads to tubular ca, grade 1 ductal ca or lobular ca
58
describe the process of healthy cell breast tissue becoming a intermediate grade invasive carcinoma
intermediate grade DCIS results from health tissue or from low grade DCIS pleo-LCIS results from healthy tissue either can progress to either grade 2 ductal ca or pleo lobular ca
59
describe the process of healthy cell breast tissue becoming a high grade invasive carcinoma
high grade DCIS develops from healthy breast tissue or from intermediate DCIS leads to grade 3 ductal ca
60
what is the definition of malignant invasive breast carcinoma
malignant cells that have breached basement membrane and infiltrate normal tissues
61
incidence of breast cancer
increasing male incidence low increases with age and more common in white women
62
risk factors for breast cancer
``` age reproductive hx hormones lifestyle cancer syndromes and genes ```
63
reproductive risk factors leading to breast ca
``` age at menarche age at first birth parity age of menopause breastfeeding ```
64
hormonal risk factors leading to breast ca
endogenous previous breast disease OCP HRT
65
lifestyle risk factors leading to breast ca
``` body weight exercise - protective Diet alcohol NSAIDs lower risk smoking ```
66
cancer syndromes that may cause breast cancer
BRCA1/2 TP53 li fraumeni PTEN cowdens
67
what cancers does BRCA 1 lead to
Breast, ovarian, colon, prostate
68
what cancers does BRCA 2 lead to
breast inc men, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate
69
what cancers does TP53 li fraumeni lead to
childhood sarcoma, brain, adrenocortical carcinoma, early onset breast
70
mortality of breast cancer and survival?
2nd biggest killer but decreasing with increasing incidence 1yr avg 96% 5yr 85% 10yr 76%
71
natural hx of breast cancer - tumour factors
spread to stromal tissue spread to chest wall spread to skin
72
natural hx of breast cancer - nodal factors
spread to regional lymph nodes
73
where does breast cancer spread to
``` brain liver abdominal viscera female genital tract bone ```
74
what are the two most common morphological types of breast cancer
ductal | lobular
75
objective grading of morphological breast cancer
``` tubular differentiation nuclear pleomorphism mitotic activity all graded 1-3 3-5 are grade 1 6-7 are grade 2 8-9 are grade 3 ```
76
intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer?
luminal A/B/C Normal breast like HER2+ve Basal like
77
ER is -ve in all luminal subtypes of breast cancer?
false, it is +ve
78
what is ER and HER2 in basal like breast cancer
-ve for both
79
is ER+Ve or -ve for HER2+vve breast cancer
-ve
80
is ER+ve or -ve in normal breast like cancer
-ve
81
what does a +ve ER tunour suggest
good response to anti-oestrogen therapy
82
possible anti-oestrogen therapies in breast cancer?
oophorectomy tamoxifen aromatase inhibitors GnRH antagonists
83
what does a +ve HER2 predict in breast cancer
response to trastuzumab
84
two possible prognostic indicators for breast cancer?
nottingham prognostic index | NHS predict

MB3 Obstetrics and Gynaecology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions