Histology

Question 1

functions of the ovary

Answer 1

gamete production

production of steroids - oestrogens and progestins

Question 2

what is found in ovarian medulla

Answer 2

loose connective tissue, arteries, veins, lymphatics

Question 3

what is found in ovarian cortex

Answer 3

ovarian follicles

Question 4

what tissue encapsulates ovary

Answer 4

tunica albuginea

Question 5

describe the formation of a primordial follicle from embryonic development

Answer 5

germ cells from yolk sac invade ovaries and proliferate to oogonia
meiosis begins and is arrested at prophase I to form primordial follicle

Question 6

describe the features of a primary follicle

Answer 6

outer layers of granulosa cells become more cuboidal instead of squamous and there is early formation of zona pellucida

Question 7

describe the features of a late primary follicle

Answer 7

granulosa cell proliferation and establishment of zona pellucida

Question 8

describe the formation of a secondary follicle

Answer 8

fluid filled antrum with features of granulosa cell proliferation and zona pellucida

Question 9

describe the appearance of the graffian follicle

Answer 9

large antrum, cells lining oocyte and external follicle

Question 10

inner layer of stromal cells of follicle and function

Answer 10

theca interna

secrete oestrogen precursors made to oestrogen by granulosa cella

Question 11

outer layer of stromal cells of follicle

Answer 11

theca externa

Question 12

describe the process of graffian follicle becoming fully mature ready for ovulation

Answer 12

oocyte completes meiosis I and produces secondary oocyte and polar body that is discarded
undergoes meiosis II up to metaphase II

Question 13

when does the oocyte fully complete meiosis II

Answer 13

when fertilised by sperm

Question 14

describe what happens to graffian follicle after oocyte is released during ovulation

Answer 14

follicle involutes to corpus haemorrhagica then corpus luteum
theca and granulosa cells secrete oestrogen and progesterone
if no implantation then degenerates to corpus albicans
if implantation HCG prevents degeneration temporarily to maintain progesterone levels

Question 15

how many smooth muscle layers in uterine tubes

Answer 15

2 in ampulla, 3 in isthmus

Question 16

describe how oocyte moves into uterine tube

Answer 16

infundibulum moves to direct oocyte into uterine tube
fimbriae brush oocyte
once in tube there is gently peristalsis to move oocyte along

Question 17

what is the perimetrium made up of

Answer 17

outer loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

Question 18

what is the myometrium made up of

Answer 18

smooth muscle, collagen, elastic fibres

Question 19

what layers are the endometrium split into

Answer 19

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis

Question 20

describe the proliferative phase of the endometrium

Answer 20

stratum basalis proliferates glands, stroma, vasculature and increases thickness of endometrium by reconstituting stratum functionalis
proliferation due to oestrofen

Question 21

what epithelia lines endometrial glands

Answer 21

pseudostratified columnar epithelia

Question 22

what is the secretory ohase of the endometrium

Answer 22

glands become more coiled and tortuous and secrete glycogen

become much more proliferated due to progesterone

Question 23

describe how the menstrual phase sheds the straum functionalis

Answer 23

loss of progesterone and oestrogen leads to arteriole constriction and ischaemia of stratum functionalis
leads to tissue breakdown and menstruation

Question 24

histology of cervix?

Answer 24

mostly stratified squamous and transitions at transition zone to mucus secreting simple columnar

Question 25

what are the endocervical glands

Answer 25

glands produced by simple columnar epithelia at transition zone and above can be thin and watery in proliferative phase or thick following ovulation

Question 26

true/false - the walls of vagina are dense with glands for lubrication

Answer 26

false - there are no glands in the vagina and lubrication comes from thin walled lamina propria and cervical glands

Question 27

3 layers of vagina histology?

Answer 27

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia lamina propria fibromuscular layer with inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 28

histology of mons pubis

Answer 28

skin with highly oblique hair follicles | oberlying subcut fat pad on pubic symphysis

Question 29

histology of labia majora

Answer 29

extension of mons pubis, rich apocrine and sebaceous glands and small bundle smooth muscle

Question 30

histology of labia minora

Answer 30

thin skin folds with lack of subcut fat and follicles rich vasculature and sebaceous glands keratinised epithelia until hymen level of vagina where there is transition

Question 31

histology of clitoris

Answer 31

erectile vascular tissue (corpus cavernosa) with fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin and right innervation

Question 32

how many lobes does the breast have

Answer 32

15-25

Question 33

in addition to lobes of the breast, what other tissues make it up

Answer 33

adipose | fibrous tissue

Question 34

what are suspensory ligaments

Answer 34

thickened areas of fibrous tissue maintaining suspension of the breast mainly in upper portion

Question 35

what is a terminal duct lobular unit

Answer 35

basic functional unit lead to intralobular collecting duct leading to lactiferous duct leads to nipple after passing through lactiferous sinus

Question 36

what cells surround the breast lobule

Answer 36

secretory epithelial cells from cuboidal to columnar | myoepithelial cells, surrounded by basal lamina

Question 37

what cells surround the duct of the TDLU

Answer 37

stratified cuboidal

Question 38

changes in mammary gland in luteal phase menstrual cycle

Answer 38

epithelial cells increase in height lamina of ducts enlarge small secretions in ducts

Question 39

changes in mammary gland in first trimester pregnancy

Answer 39

elongation of smaller ducts | proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells lining glands

Question 40

changes in mammary gland in 2nd trimester pregnancy

Answer 40

glandular tissue develops more | plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate tissue

Question 41

changes in mammary gland in 3rd trimester pregnancy

Answer 41

secretory alveoli continue to mature

Question 42

changes in mammary gland in menopause

Answer 42

secretory cells of TDLU degenerate to leave only ducts fewer fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibres increased fat

Question 43

effect of oestrogen and progesterone on breast tissue

Answer 43

proliferation of glandular tissue, reduced fat and connective tissue

Question 44

arterial supply to breast

Answer 44

lateral mammary from lateral thoracic | medial mammary from internal thoracic

Question 45

venous drainage from breast

Answer 45

lateral mammary to lateral thoracic | medial mammary to internal thoracic vein

Question 46

components of breastmilk

Answer 46

``` water protein carbobydrate lipids IgA ```

Question 47

describe the types of secretion that make up breast milk

Answer 47

lipid by apocrine | milk by merocrine