breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
what does mechanisms of breathing depend upon
A
habitat and level of organisation
2
Q
respiratory structure of sponges coelentratstes, flatworms
A
simple diffusion
3
Q
respiratory structure of earthworms,
A
most cuticle
4
Q
respiratory structure of insects
A
tracheal tubes
5
Q
respiratory structure of aquatic arthropods, molluscs
A
gills
6
Q
respiratory structure of terrestrial creatures
A
lungs
7
Q
respiratory structure of fishes
A
gills
8
Q
respiratory structure of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
A
lungs
9
Q
respiratory structure of tadpole of frog
A
Gills
10
Q
respiratory structures of frog
A
buccal cavity, lungs, gills, moist skin
11
Q
respiration through moist skin is called
A
cutaneous respiration
12
Q
respiration through gills is called
A
branchial respiration
13
Q
respiration through lungs is called
A
pulmonary respiration
14
Q
what does the respiratory system contain
A
respiratory passage and respiratory organs
15
Q
what does the respiratory passage contain
A
pair of nostrils, nasal cavity, a pair of internal nares, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
16
Q
what does the nasal chamber lead through
A
nasal passage
17
Q
what does the nasal chamber open into
A
pharynx
18
Q
what is the common passage for food and air
A
a portion of the pharynx
19
Q
what does the Pharynx open into
A
larynx
20
Q
what does the larynx region open into
A
trachea
21
Q
what is the nature of larynx
A
cartilagenous box
22
Q
what is larynx also called
A
sound box
23
Q
what is glottis covered by during swallowing
A
epiglottis
24
Q
describe structure and function of epiglottis
A
thin elastic cartilagenous flap that prevents entry of food in the larynx
25
where does trachea divide
at the level o of 5th thoracic vertebrae
26
division of the tracgea
left and right primary bronchi
27
what do the primary bronchi divide to form
secondary and tertiary bronchi
28
what do the secondary and tertiary bronchi divide to form
Bronchioles
29
what do the bronchioles divide to form
terminal bronchioles
30
what structures are supported by c-shaped incomplete cartilagenous rings
the tracheae, primary bronchi, secondary, tertiary, intial bronchioles,
31
what do the terminal bronchioles give rise to
thin irregular-walled, vascularized, bag like structures called alveoli
32
what is the respiratory surface of lungs
alveoli
33
what are the lungs covered by
double layered pleural membrane
34
the pleural membrane consists of
inner visceral membrane, outer parietal membrane
35
what is present in between the two membranes
pleural fluid
36
function of pleural fluid
reduces friction
37
what constitutes the conducting pathway of respiratory system
external nostrils to terminal bronchioles
38
function of conducting pathway
transports atmospheric air, filters the air, humidifies and brings air to body temperature
39
where does actual exchange of gases occur
alveoli
40
where are the lungs situated
thoracic chamber
41
describe the thoracic cavity
anatomically an air tight chamber
42
thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by
vertebral column
43
thoracic chamber is formed venetrally by
sternum
44
thoracic chamber is formed laterally hy
ribs
45
thoracic chamber is formed on the lower side by
diaphram
46
what does the anatomical setup of lungs in thorax ensure
that any change in the volume of the cavity will be refunded reflected in the pulmonary cavity
47
can we directly alter the pulmonary volume
no
48
what is trachea also called
wind pipe
49
structure and function of c shaped incomplete cartilagenous rings
hyaline cartilage, prevents the ducts from collapsing
50
how many alveoli are present in both lungs
300 million
51
how many alveoli are present in both lungs
300 million
52
what tissue are alveoli made up of
simple squamous epithelium
53
what is secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
Lecithin
54
function of lecithin
reduces surface tension, prevents collapsing of alveoli
55
what is the first step of pulmonary respiration
breathing through which co2 is exhaled and o2 is inhaled
56
what is the second step of pulmonary respiration
diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
57
3rd step of respiration
transport of gases through blood
58
4th step of respiration
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
59
5th step of respiration
utilisation of o2 for catabolic reactions
60
two step of breathing
inspiration, expiration
61
how is the mechanism of breathing carried out
by creating a pressure gradient
62
when does inspiration occur
when intra pulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
63
when does expiration take place
when intra pulmonary pressure is more than atmospheric pressure
64
what organs help in creating the pressure gradient
diaphram, specialized set of external and internal intercostal muscles
65
how is inspiration initiated
contraction of diaphragm
66
change in volume during inspiration
increase in volume in the thoracic chamber in the antero posterior axis
67
external intercoastal muscles during inspiration; result
contract, lift up the ribs and cause increase in volume in dorso-ventral acis
68
during expiration, diaphragm
relaxes
69
during expiration, external intercoastal muscles
relaxes
70
what muscles help in forceful expiration
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
71
during forceful expiration, internal intercostal muscles
contract
72
during forceful expiration, abdominal muscles
contacts
73
breathing rate of a healthy human
12-16/min
74
what device helps in estimating volume of air in breathing movements
spirometer
75
what is respiratory volume
quantity of air our lungs can hold our expert under different conditions
76
what is tidal volume
volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration
77
what is the value of tidal volume
500ml
78
how much can a healthy man inspire or expire
6000ml-8000ml / min
79
what is inspiratory reserve volume
additional volume of air a person can inspire by forceful inspiration
80
what is expiratory reserve volume
additional volume of air a person can expire under forceful expiration
81
value of inspiratory reserve volume
2500-3000ml/min
82
value of expiratory reserve volume
1000-1100ml/min
83
what is residual volume-
the volume of air present in the lungs even after a forceful expiration
84
value of residual volume-
1100ml-1200ml
85
what is inspiratory capacity
total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration
86
what is included in inspiratory capacity
tidal volume IRV
87
what is expiratory capacity
total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration
88
what is included in expiratory capacity
TV, ERV
89
what is functional residual capacity
total volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration
90
what is included in FRC
ERV, RV
91
what is vital capacity
total volume of air a person can inspire after a forced expiration or risk volume of air a person can expire after a forced inspiration
92
what is included in VC
ERv IRV TV
93
what is total lung capacity
total volume of air in lungs after a forced inspiration
94
which volume cannot be determined by spirometer
residual volume-
95
what is partial pressure
pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gases
96
solubility o of co2 wrt to o2
20-25 times more soluble
97
what is the diffusion membrane composed of
thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, endothelium of blood vessels, basement substance
98
thickness of diffusion membrane
0.2-0.3 nanomenter thick
99
what is the primary site for exchange of gases
alveoli
100
what is the po2 in atmospheric air
159 per mmhg5
101
what is the po2 in alveoli
104 mmHg
102
what is the po2 in deoxygenated blood
40 mmHg
103
what is the po2 in oxygenated blood
95 mmHg
104
what is the po2 in tissues
40 mmHg
105
what is the po2 in expired air
1200
mmHg
106
what is the co2 in atmospheric air
0.3 mmHg
107
what is the co2 in alveoli
40 mmHg
108
what is the co2 in deoxygenated blood
45 mmHg
109
what is the co2 in oxygenated blood
40 mmHg
110
what is the co2 in tissues
45 mmHg
111
what is the co2 in expired air
27 mmHg
112
what percent of o2 is transported in dissolved form in plasma
3%
113
what percent of blood is carried by rbcs in blood
97%
114
describe haemoglobin
haem i is the iron part, globin is the protein part
115
what is formed by joining of haemoglobin and o2
oxyhaemoglobin
116
in what m manner does o2 bind with haemoglobin
reversible manner
117
how many molecules of o2 can one molecule of hemoglobin carry
4 molecules of o2
118
where does o2 bind with haemoglobin
lungs
119
where does o2 dissociate with haemoglobin
tissuee
120
how much is the haemoglobin level in a normal person
15 g in 100 ml of blood
121
capacity of 1g of hemoglobin to combine with o2 iis
1.34 ml
122
how much o2 does arterial blood transport
20 ml per 100 ml
123
how much o2 do venules transport
14.4 ml per 100 ml of blood
124
how muc o2 by blood is transported to tissues under normal condition
5ml
125
how much o2 is transported to tissue under strenuous conditions
15 ml per 20 ml
126
what is o2 dissociation graph
graph plotted against percentage saturation is hb with o2 and partial pressure of o2
127
what is the shape of o2 dissociation graph
sigmoid, s shape
128
where does dissociation of o2 occur/right shift
tissue
129
where does association of o2 occur/left shift
lungs
130
factors affecting dissociation of o2
low po2, High co2, high h+ concentration, high temperature
131
factors affecting association of o2
high po2, low co2, low h+ concentration, high H, low temperature
132
another factor affecting dissociation of o2
diphosphoglyceric acid(2,3DBG)
promotes dissociation
133
which has higher o2 affinity Hb-A, Hb-F
Hb-F
134
why does fetal haemoglobin have higher o2 affinity
it binds less strongly with Bipgosphoglyceric acid
135
what percent of co2 is transported in dissolved form
7% in blood plasma
136
what percentage of co2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
70%
137
what enzyme facilitates the formation of carbonic acid and its breakdown
carbonic anhydrase
138
where is carbonic anhydrase found in high concentration
rbcs
139
where is carbonic anhydrase found in low concentration
plasma
140
where is co2 trapped as bicarbonate
tissue level
141
what percent of co2 is transported in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin
20-25%
142
what does co2 bind with in haemoglobin
the amino part of globin part of haemoglobin
143
factors that affect binding of haemoglobin with co2
in tissues, high pco2, in alveoli, low pco2
144
how much co2 is delievered to alveoli o per 100ml of blood
4ml
145
how long does inspiration last
2 seva
146
how long does expiration last
3 secs
147
how many times does an infant breath
44/min
148
what controls respiration
neural system
149
what is the function of respiratory rhythm centre
regulate respiratory rhythm
150
where is the pneumotaxic centre located
pons region of hind brain
151
function of pneumotaxic centre
sends neural signals to reduce duration of inspiration and alter respiratory rate
152
where is the chemosensitive area located
adjacent to rhythm centre
153
what is the chemosensitive area sensitive towards
rise in co2 and h+ ions
154
what receptors can recognise changes in co2 and h+ concentration
aortic arch and carotid artery receptors
155
whose role is quite insignificant in the regulation o of respiratory rhythm
oxygen
156
what is asthma
difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
157
what causes asthma
allergens
158
symptoms of asthma
wheezing, coughing spasm of smooth muscles of bronchioles
159
what is emphysema
chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged and respiratory surface is decreased
160
cause of emphysema
cigarette smoking
161
what is cause of occupational respiratory disorders
long exposure to fumes, dust, gases leads to proliferation of fibrous tissue
162
what is cause of occupational respiratory disorders
long exposure to fumes, dust, gases leads to proliferation of fibrous tissue
163
what are some occupational respiratory disorders
pneumonoconiosis
164
occupational respiratory disorders
silicosis, asbestosis
