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Flashcards in Breathing and Oxygen Deck (23)
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1
Q

What is breathing rate? (f)

A

Number of inspirations and expirations per minute

2
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath

3
Q

What is minute ventilation? (VE)

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute (product of f and TV)

4
Q

What is the correct order for pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • MMVPA
  • Muscle
  • Movement
  • Volume
  • Pressure
  • Air movement
5
Q

What type of breathing is passive?

A

Expiration at rest

6
Q

What changes happen to inspiration during exercise?

A
  • More dramatic, stronger contractions

- More muscles recruited

7
Q

What are the additional inspiratory muscles?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid

- Pectoralis minor

8
Q

What changes happen to expiration during exercise?

A
  • Becomes an active process

- Additional expiratory muscles recruited

9
Q

What are the additional expiratory muscles?

A
  • Internal intercostals

- Rectus abdominis

10
Q

What centre is ventilation controlled by?

A

RCC (respiratory control centre)

11
Q

What are the normal inspiratory muscles?

A
  • External intercostals

- Diaphragm

12
Q

What is the process of respiratory control?

A
  • Receptor Feedback
  • RCC
  • Action
13
Q

What are the elements of the RCC?

A
  • Inspiratory centre

- Expiratory centre (inactive at rest)

14
Q

What nerves and muscles are active in ventilation at rest?

A
  • Intercostal nerve stimulates external intercostals

- Phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm

15
Q

What receptors are used by the Inspiratory CC?

A
  • Chemoreceptors (CO2 in air)
  • Proprioceptors (movement at lungs)
  • Thermoreceptors (higher temperature)
16
Q

What receptors are used by the Expiratory CC?

A
  • Baroreceptors (detect tissue stretch)
17
Q

What changes occur at the muscles during exercise?

A
  • PO2 decreases

- PCO2 increases

18
Q

What does the change in gas pressure at muscles during exercise cause?

A

Steeper diffusion gradient means more diffusion takes place

19
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

Oxygen binding proteins. Myoglobin is in the blood and has a higher affinity

20
Q

What is the saturation of blood leaving the lungs?

A

Always 100%

21
Q

What changes in terms of saturation during exercise?

A

At rest, only around 25% of oxygen is dissociated at the muscles, increasing to 75% during exercise

22
Q

What impacts on haemoglobin’s O2 affinity?

A
  • Partial pressure of O2 (High means affinity)
  • Partial pressure CO2 (Low means affinity)
  • Acidity (Acidic means low affinity)
  • Temperature (High temp means low affinity)
23
Q

What is the Bohr Shift?

A

A right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve due to acidity, CO2, temperature, O2 levels at muscles. More oxygen is dossociated at intense levels of exercise