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Mar 377 > Breeding Biology I > Flashcards

Breeding Biology I Flashcards

Life History

1
Q

Life History

A

Changes in physiological traits and behaviors throughout the course of a lifetime

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2
Q

What is life history in an evolutionary context?

A

How do individuals maximize the number of genes contributed to future generations?

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3
Q

What does life history research focus on?

A

Processes that affect the schedule of survival and reproduction

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4
Q

What are life history traits?

A
  • Adaptive evolutionary responses
  • Determine potential limits to variation in traits (ex: all petrels are constrained to lay one egg despite environmental conditions)
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5
Q

What life history traits are specific to seabirds?

A
  • Few offspring / small clutch size
  • Large adult size
  • Late age maturity
  • Long-lived
  • High parental care
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6
Q

What are life-table traits?

A
  • Indicative of an individual’s performance
  • Consequences of how life history traits interact with the environment (ex: some species the number of eggs laid varies between individuals each year)
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7
Q

What are some challenges with studying life history in seabirds?

A
  • Requires long periods of time
  • Expensive
  • Important parts of the population are not accessible to study (ex: young birds remain at sea until they first breed)
  • Human life spans are not much longer in comparison
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8
Q

Do juveniles spend more energy on growth or reproduction?

A

Growth

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9
Q

Do adults spend more energy on growth or reproduction?

A

Reproduction
(This is the energy that is left over after energy spent in order to maintain a healthy body condition)

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10
Q

What is a life-history strategy (goal) and what are some examples?

A

Combination of traits utilized to maximize lifetime reproductive success ex:
1. Fitness strategies
2. Survivorship strategies

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11
Q

Fitness

A

The ability of an individual to survive, reproduce and propagate genes

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12
Q

Fecundity

A

The number of offspring produced by an individual

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13
Q

Reproductive value

A

The expected reproduction of an individual from their current age onward given that they have survived to that current age (ex: reproductive vale = higher in young adults)

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14
Q

What are strategies utilized to maximize fitness?

A
  • Resource allocation to:
    1. Self
    2. Offspring
    3. Gender (male vs. female)
  • Reproductive vs. self-maintenance
  • Produce few offspring of high fitness
  • Produce many offspring of low fitness
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15
Q

What are the three types of survivorship strategies?

A
  • Type I: Die old (survivorship = high)
  • Type II: Death rate = constant across age (survivorship = low but not specific to reproductive stage)
  • Type III: Die early in life (survivorship = low)
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16
Q

What is R selection?

A
  • Type III
  • Short life span
  • Grow fast
  • Mature fast
  • High fecundity
  • No parental care
17
Q

What is K selection?

A
  • Type I
  • Long life span
  • Mature late
  • Low fecundity
  • High parental care
18
Q

Are R and K appropriate for categorizing ALL survivorship strategies?

A
  • No
  • Convenient, but inadequate
  • There is a wide variety of traits (some species may overlap between strategies)
19
Q

What are the two ends of the reproductive frequency spectrum?

A
  • Semelparous: One and done (ex: salmon)
  • Iteroparous: Repeat performers (ex: albatrosses)
20
Q

What are the two ends of the reproductive spectrum in regards to the number and size of offspring?

A
  • Many small offspring (ex: salmon = thousands of small eggs)
  • Few large offspring (ex: albatrosses = 1 big egg)
21
Q

What are some life-history trade-offs (constraints)?

A
  • Energetic
  • Physiological
  • Functional
  • Environmental
22
Q

How does the environmental stability affect r-selected species?

A
  • Environment is unstable
  • Opportunist strategy
23
Q

How does the environmental stability affect k-selected species?

A
  • Environment is stable
  • “Good competitor” strategy
  • Reproductive risk = spread across multiple efforts (both parents look after the young)
24
Q

How does parental care affect mating systems?

A
  • Biparental care: Monogamy = favored
  • Precocial / receive strong maternal care: Polygamy = favored
  • Male investment is unnecessary: Polygynous harems = favored
25
Q

What is the relationship between fecundity and parental care?

A

The higher the parental care the lower the fecundity

26
Q

What are seabird reproductive strategies? Why?

A
  • Invest in adult survival at the expense of low net reproductive output (Type I (k) survivorship strategy)
  • Maximize fitness by making lots of reproductive attempts over a long lifespan
27
Q

Precocial development

A
  • Hatch in more advanced stage of development
  • Quick to move around
  • Can feed themselves
28
Q

Altricial development

A
  • Hatch in an (almost) embryo state
  • Fed by parents at the nest
29
Q

What type of parental investment is most important in seabirds?

A
  • Post-ovulatory
  • Chick rearing, feeding, and incubation
30
Q

What two life-history traits can seabirds use in variable environments?

A
  1. Mobile
    - Can escape low resource availability
    - Select lower fecundity, higher survival
  2. Less mobile
    - Can’t escape adverse conditions (ex: during an El Nino event)
    - Higher fecundity

Mar 377 (16 decks)

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