BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES

Question 1

HARAPPAN SEAL IS MADE OF A STONE CALLED?

Answer 1

STEATITE.

Question 2

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION IS ALSO CALLED THE?

Answer 2

HARAPPAN CULTURE.

Question 3

WHAT DID PEOPLE OF HARAPPAN CULTURE WORSHIP?

Answer 3

ANIMALS (BULLS) AND TREES ETC.

Question 4

HARAPPAN SITES FROM HARYANA?

Answer 4

1 RAKHIGARHI
2 MITATHAL
3 SISWAL (EARLY)
4 BANAWALI.

Question 5

HARAPPAN SITE FROM JAMMU?

Answer 5

MANDA.

Question 6

AMRI HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

Answer 6

PAKISTAN.

Question 7

BALAKOT OR KOT BALA HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

Answer 7

PAKISTAN.

Question 8

DESERT AREA OF PAKISTAN THAT BORDER THE THAR DESERT IS (ANCIENT INDIA)?

Answer 8

CHOLISTAN.

Question 9

FINDINGS FROM BANAWALI?

Answer 9

1 TERRACOTTA PLOUGH.
2 LAPIZ LAZULI.
3. FIRE ALTARS OVAL SHAPED SETTLEMENTS.
4. ONLY CITY WITH RADIAL STREETS.
5. BARLEY GRAINS.

Question 10

FINDINGS FROM CHANHUDARO?

Answer 10

ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY DEVOTED TO CRAFT PRODUCTION.
1 BEADS. (STONES LIKE CARNELIAN, JASPER ETC WERE USED).
2 SPECIALIZED DRILLS.
3 SHELL CUTTING AND BEAD MAKING, METAL WORKING, SEAL MAKING AND WEIGHT MAKING.

Question 11

FINDINGS FROM SURKOTADA?

Answer 11

HORSE BONES.

Question 12

RANGPUR HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

Answer 12

GUJARAT.
TO WEST OF LOTHAL.

Question 13

NAGESHWAR HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

Answer 13

GUJARAT.

Question 14

SHELL OBJECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND FROM WHICH HARAPPAN SITES?

Answer 14

NAGESHWAR AND BALAKOT.
THESE WERE SPECIALIZED CENTRES FOR MAKING SHELL OBJECTS- INCLUDING BANGLES, LADLES AND INLAY.

Question 15

DAMB SADAAT HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

Answer 15

BALUCHISTAN, PAKISTAN.

Question 16

FINDINGS FROM CHOLISTAN?

Answer 16

TERRACOTTA PLOUGH.

Question 17

GRAINS FOUND AT HARAPPAN SITES INCLUDE?

Answer 17

1 WHEAT
2 BARLEY
3 LENTIL
4 CHICKPEAS
5 SESAME
6 MILLETS FOUND FROM SITES IN GUJARAT .

Question 18

ANIMAL BONES FOUND AT HARAPPAN SITES INCLUDE?

Answer 18

1 CATTLE, SHEEP, GOAT, BUFFALO AND PIG.
2 WILD SPECIES SUCH AS BOAR, DEER, GHARIAL.
3 FISH AND FOWL.

Question 19

IRRIGATION IN HARAPPAN TIMES IS EVIDENCED BY FINDINGS FROM?

Answer 19

1 TRACES OF CANALS HAVE BEEN FOUND AT HARAPPAN SITE OF SHORTUGHAI IN AFGHANISTAN, BUT NOT IN PUNJAB OR SIND.
2 WATER RESERVOIRS IN DHOLAVIRA.

Question 20

TYPES OF QUERNS FOUND AT MOHENJODARO?

Answer 20

1 THOSE ON WHICH ANOTHER SMALL STONE WAS PUSHED OR ROLLED TO AND FRO - WERE PROBABLY USED FOR GRINDING GRAINS.
2 IN WHICH SECOND STONE WAS A POUNDER, EVENTUALLY MAKING A LARGE CAVITY IN THE NETHER STONE- POSSIBLY USED FOR POUNDING HERBS AND SPICES FOR MAKING CURRIES- ALSO DUBBED AS CURRY STONES.

Question 21

BRICKS OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

Answer 21

1 SUN DRIED OR BAKED.
2 STANDARDIZED RATIO- LENGHT:BREADTH:HEIGHT =4:2:1.

Question 22

HOW WERE ROADS AND STREETS OF LOWER TOWN LAID OUT DURING HARAPPAN CULTURE?

Answer 22

LAID OUT ALONG AN APPROXIMATE GRID PATTERN, INTERSECTING AT RIGHT ANGLES.
IT SEEMS THAT STREETS WITH DRAINS WERE LAID OUT FIRST AND THEN HOUSES BUILT ALONG THEM.

Question 23

VARIATIONS IN CITADEL?

Answer 23

MOST HARAPPAN SETTLEMENTS HAVE A SMALL HIGH WESTERN PART AND A LARGER LOWER EASTERN SECTION THERE ARE VARIATIONS.
AT DHOLAVIRA AND LOTHAL ENTIRE SETTLEMENT WAS FORTIFIED AND SECTIONS WITHIN THE TOWN WERE ALSO SEPARATED BY WALLS.
THE CITADEL WITHIN LOTHAL WAS NOT WALLED OFF, BUT WAS BUILT AT A HEIGHT.

Question 24

FATHER OF INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY?

Answer 24

ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, THE FIRST DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI).

Question 25

DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

Answer 25

1 EVERY HOUSE WAS CONNECTED TO THE STREET DRAINS. 2 MAIN CHANNELS WERE MADE OF BRICK SET IN MORTAR. 3 LOOSE BRICKS OR LIMESTONE USED FOR COVERS WHICH CAN BE REMOVED FOR CLEANING. 4 HOUSE DRAINS FIRST EMPTIED INTO A SUMP OR CESSPITS INTO WHICH SOLID MATTER SETTLED WHILE WASTE WATER FLOWED OUT INTO THE STREET DRAINS. 5 DRAINAGE SYSTEM WERE NOT UNIQUE TO THE LARGER CITIES BUT WERE FOUND IN SMALLER SETTLEMENTS AS WELL. AT LOTHAL FOR EXAMPLE, WHILE HOUSES WERE BUILT OF MUD BRICKS, DRAINS WERE MADE OF BURNT BRICKS.

Question 26

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF LOWER TOWN OF MOHENJODARO?

Answer 26

1 MANY HOUSES WERE CENTRED ON A COURTYARD WITH ROOMS ON ALL SIDES. 2 COURTYARD WAS PROBABLY THE CENTRE OF ACTIVITIES SUCH AS COOKING AND WEAVING PARTICULARLY DURING HOT AND DRY SEASON. 3 CONCERN FOR PRIVACY- NO WINDOWS IN THE WALLS ALONG THE GROUND LEVEL. 4 MAIN ENTRANCE DOES NOT GIVE A DIRECT VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OR THE COURTYARD. 5 EVERY HOUSE HAD ITS OWN BATHROOM WITH DRAINS CONNECTED TO STREET DRAINS. 6 STAIRCASES TO REACH A SECOND STOREY OR THE ROOF. 7 MANY HOUSES HAD WELLS, OFTEN IN A ROOM THAT COULD BE REACHED FROM THE OUTSIDE AND PERHAPS USED BY PASSERS-BY.

Question 27

AS PER SCHOLARS TOTAL NUMBER OF WELLS IN MOHENJODARO WAS ABOUT?

Answer 27

700.

Question 28

THE 1ST HARAPPAN SITE TO BE DISCOVERED WAS?

Answer 28

MOHENJODARO.

Question 29

HOW WE CAN FIND OUT WHETHER THERE WERE SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES AMONGST PEOPLE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION?

Answer 29

1 STUDY BURIALS. 2 STUDY ARTEFACTS- UTILITARIAN AND LUXURIES.

Question 30

BURIALS OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

Answer 30

1 DEAD WERE GENERALLY LAID IN PITS. 2 SOME GRAVES CONTAIN POTTERY AND ORNAMENTS LIKE JEWELLERY. 3 SOME WERE BURIED WITH COPPER MIRRORS. 4 ON A WHOLE, IT APPEARS THAT HARAPPANS DID NOT BELIEVE IN BURYING PRECIOUS THINGS WITH THE DEAD.

Question 31

ARTEFACTS FROM HARAPPAN CULTURE?

Answer 31

1 UTILITARIAN - OBJECTS OF DAILY USE WERE MADE FROM ORDINARY MATERIAL SUCH AS STONE OR CLAY. EXAMPLE- QUERNS, POTTERY, NEEDLES, FLESH-RUBBERS (BODY SCRUBBERS) ETC. 2 LUXURIES- THEY WERE RARE OR MADE FROM COSTLY, NON LOCAL MATERIALS OR WITH COMPLICATED TECHNOLOGIES. EXAMPLE FAIENCE (MADE OF GROUND SAND OR SILICA MIXED WITH COLOR AND A GUM AND THEN FIRED), MINIATURE POTS OF FAIENCE PERHAPS USED AS PERFUME BOTTLES ARE FOUND MOSTLY IN MOHENJODARO AND HARAPPA AND THERE ARE NONE FROM SETTLEMENTS LIKE KALIBANGAN.

Question 32

MEANING OF TERM HOARDS IN ANCIENT INDIA?

Answer 32

HOARDS ARE OBJECTS KEPT CAREFULLY BY PEOPLE OFTEN INSIDE CONTAINERS SUCH AS POTS. SUCH HOARDS CAN BE OF JEWELLERY OR METAL OBJECTS SAVED FOR REUSE BY METAL WORKERS.

Question 33

MODES OF TRANSPORT IN HARAPPAN CULTURE FOR PROCURING MATERIALS?

Answer 33

1 TERRACOTTA TOY MODELS OF BULLOCK CARTS SUGGESTS USE OF LAND ROUTES. 2 RIVERINE ROUTES ALONG INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES WERE ALSO USED.

Question 34

PLACES FROM WHERE HARAPPANS PROCURE MATERIALS OR STRATEGIES OF PROCURING MATERIAL?

Answer 34

1. MATERIALS FROM CONTINENT AND BEYOND. ● NAGESHWAR AND BALAKOT- SHELLS. ● SHORTUGHAI (AFGHANISTAN)- LAPIS LAZULI (BLUE STONE). ● LOTHAL WAS NEAR SOURCES OF CARNELIAN (FROM BHARUCH IN GUJARAT). ● STEATITE FROM SOUTH RAJASTHAN AND NORTH GUJARAT. ● METAL FROM RAJASTHAN. ● KHETRI REGION AKA GANESHWAR JODHPURA CULTURE (RAJASTHAN)- DISTINCTIVE NON HARAPPAN POTTERY AND UNUSUAL WEALTH OF COPPER OBJECTS. SUPPLIED COPPER. 2. CONTACT WITH DISTANT LANDS. ● OMANI (MAGAN) COPPER AND HARAPPAN ARTEFACTS HAVE TRACE OF NICKEL- HARAPPAN JAR COATED WITH THICK LAYER OF BLACK CLAY FOUND AT OMANI SITES. SUCH THICK COATING PREVENT THE PERCOLATION OF LIQUIDS. ● LOCAL DILMUN WEIGHTS FOLLOWED THE HARAPPAN STANDARD. ● MESOPOTAMIAN TEXTS MENTION CONTACT WITH REGIONS NAMED DILMUN (BAHRAIN) MAGAN AND MELUHHA, POSSIBLY THE HARAPPAN REGION.

Question 35

MESOPOTAMIAN TEXTS REFER TO MELUHHA AS?

Answer 35

LAND OF SEAFARERS.

Question 36

SEALS, SCRIPTS AND WEIGHTS OF HARAPPAN CULTURE?

Answer 36

● SEALS AND SEALINGS 1 USED TO FACILITATE LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION. 2 SEALING ALSO CONVEYED THE IDENTITY OF THE SENDER. ● AN ENIGMATIC SCRIPT 1 WRITING CONTAINS NAME AND TITLE OF THE OWNER. 2 WRITTEN FROM RIGHT TO LEFT. ● WEIGHTS 1 EXCHANGES REGULATED BY A PRECISE SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS. 2 USUALLY MADE OF A STONE CALLED CHERT AND GENERALLY CUBICAL. 3 NO MARKINGS. 4 LOWER DENOMINATIONS OF WEIGHTS WERE BINARY (1,2,4,8,16,32 ETC UP TO 12800). 5 HIGHER DENOMINATIONS FOLLOWED THE DECIMAL SYSTEM. 6 METAL SCALE PANS HAVE ALSO BEEN FOUND.

Question 37

WAS BRICKS OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION PRODUCED AT SINGLE CENTRE?

Answer 37

BRICKS THOUGH OBVIOUSLY NOT PRODUCED IN ANY SINGLE CENTRE WERE OF A UNIFORM RATIO THROUGHOUT THE REGION FROM JAMMU TO GUJARAT.

Question 38

HARAPPAN STATE CAME TO AN END IS EVIDENCED BY?

Answer 38

1 DISAPPEARANCE OF SEALS, THE SCRIPT, DISTINCTIVE BEADS AND POTTERY. 2 SHIFT FROM STANDARDIZED WEIGHT SYSTEM TO THE USE OF LOCAL WEIGHTS. 3 DECLINE AND ABANDONMENT OF CITIES.

Question 39

JHUKAR HARAPPAN SITE IS LOCATED IN?

Answer 39

SIND, PAKISTAN.

Question 40

DEADMAN LANE IS FOUND AT WHICH HARAPPAN SITE?

Answer 40

MOHENJODARO. MYTHICAL MASSACRE OF MOHENJODARO.

Question 41

WHAT DOES THE WORD PUR MEANS IN RIGVEDA?

Answer 41

PUR MEANS RAMPART, FORT OR STRONGHOLD. INDRA, THE ARYAN WAR GOD IS CALLED PURAMDARA, THE FORT DESTROYER.

Question 42

WHAT IS STRATIGRAPHY? AND ITS USES? WHAT ARE ABANDONMENTS?

Answer 42

STRATIGRAPHY IS THE STUDY OF ARRANGEMENT AND SUCCESSION OF LAYERS, AS WELL AS THE ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THESE GEOLOGICAL STRATA. OCCUPATIONS ARE DETECTED BY TRACES OF ANCIENT MATERIALS FOUND IN LAYERS, WHICH DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER IN COLOUR, TEXTURE AND ARTEFACTS THAT ARE FOUND IN THEM. ABANDONMENT OR DESERTIONS WHAT ARE CALLED STERILE LAYERS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY THE ABSENCE OF SUCH TRACES.

Question 43

HOW DID R.E.M WHEELER'S EXCAVATING TECHNIQUE DIFFER FROM JOHN MARSHALL?

Answer 43

● JOHN MARSHALL 1 EXCAVATED ALONG REGULAR HORIZONTAL UNITS. 2 IGNORED STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SITE. 3 THIS MEANS ALL THE ARTEFACTS RECOVERED FROM THE SAME UNIT WERE GROUPED TOGETHER, EVEN IF THEY WERE FOUND AT DIFFERENT STRATIGRAPHIC LAYERS. 4 VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONTEXT OF THESE FINDS WAS IRRETRIEVABLY LOST. ● R.E.M WHEELER 1 FOLLOWED THE STRATIGRAPHY. 2 HE BROUGHT WITH HIM A MILITARY PRECISION TO THE PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY.

Question 44

WHAT ALLOWS ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO BETTER RECONSTRUCT HARAPPAN LIFE?

Answer 44

IT IS NOT THE HARAPPAN SCRIPT THAT HELPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION. RATHER IT IS MATERIAL EVIDENCE THAT ALLOWS ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO BETTER RECONSTRUCT HARAPPAN LIFE.

Question 45

THE WORD RUDRA IN RIGVEDA AND PURANIC TRADITIONS MEANS?

Answer 45

RUDRA IS A NAME USED FOR SHIVA IN LATER PURANIC TRADITIONS. HOWEVER UNLIKE SHIVA, RUDRA IN THE RIGVEDA IS NEITHER DEPICTED AS PASHUPATI (LORD OF ANIMALS IN GENERAL AND CATTLE IN PARTICULAR), NOR AS A YOGI.

Question 46

WHAT ARE SHAMANS IN ANCIENT TERMS?

Answer 46

SHAMANS ARE MEN AND WOMEN WHO CLAIM MAGICAL AND HEALING POWERS AS WELL AS AN ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE OTHER WORLD.

Question 47

GAMESMEN OR LINGAS IN HARAPPAN CULTURE WERE MADE FROM?

Answer 47

LAPIS LAZULI, JASPER, CHALCEDONY AND OTHER STONES.

Question 48

WHICH HARAPPAN SITE LAY ON A TRADE ROUTE BETWEEN HARAPPAN SITES IN SINDH AND SAURASHTRA PENINSULA?

Answer 48

LOTHAL.

Question 49

ARTEFACTS FOUND FROM LOTHAL?

Answer 49

1 MODELS OF BOATS. 2 PERSIAN GULF SEALS. 3 TERRACOTTA MODEL. 4 TERRACOTTA PYRAMID. 5 SUMERIAN HEAD OF MUMMY. 6 CARNELIAN, LAPIS LAZULI.

Question 50

DHOLAVIRA IS ALSO KNOWN BY THE NAME?

Answer 50

KOTADA TIMBA.

Question 51

MONSOON CHANNELS FROM DHOLAVIRA?

Answer 51

1 MENHAR 2 MANSAR MOUNDSARE IS LOCATED NEARBY DHOLAVIRA. REMAINS OF COMPLETE WATER SYSTEM. RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUE WERE IN USE.

Question 52

THREE DIVISIONS OF DHOLAVIRA?

Answer 52

1 ACROPOLIS (UPPER TOWN)- MASSIVE CASTLE. 2 BAILEY (MIDDLE TOWN) 3 LOWER TOWN- SERIES OF RESERVOIR. ACROPOLIS AND BAILEY WERE SEPARATED BY HUGE CEREMONIAL GROUND.