Britain Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What were the suffragist tactics?
A
Speeches, marches, letters to parliament
2
Q
What did the suffragist’s tactics do?
A
- Challenged female stereotypes
- Showed women could be determined without breaking the law (sensible and responsible)
- Gained support
3
Q
What didn’t the tactics of the suffragists do?
A
Gain media attention
4
Q
What did Marr say about the suffragists in regards to women’s suffrage?
A
‘MP’s smiled and nodded but never quite got round to the subject’ - easy to ignore
5
Q
What does Marr say about the work of Millicent Fawcett?
A
‘Fawcett and her movement worked inside the system quietly converting the MPs’
6
Q
What evidence is there that the suffragist campaign wasn’t all that effective?
A
They had been working for over 30 years and still no vote
7
Q
What was a main reason why it would be hard for the suffragists to gain suffrage?
A
Asquith opposed female enfranchisement as a principle
8
Q
What shows that the suffragists were more successful than the suffragettes in parliament?
A
MPs voted for the coalition bills in 1910-12 until the suffragette militancy turned many away. In 1911 the bill passed with a majority of 167 but lost by 14 votes in 1912
9
Q
What did women do during the war and what did this show?
A
Filled in for men’s jobs - showed women could be responsible and equally as skilled as men, they were not only useful as housewives
10
Q
How many women worked as munitionettes working in highly dangerous conditions?
A
900,000
11
Q
What about the war work showed Britain that women were equal to men?
A
Many women died in the factories facing the same dangers as their brothers in the trenches
12
Q
Who was very impressed by the women’s war work?
A
Asquith
13
Q
What evidence is there regarding legislation that shows it wasn’t their war work which gained women the vote?
A
- It was written in 1916 when very few women did war work
- It was for middle class women over 21 who didn’t do the war work
14
Q
Why was the legislation to give women the vote written?
A
It was written to allow younger men who had served in the army vote (dying for their country but couldn’t vote for it!) They allowed MIDDLE CLASS women to vote at this point because they would vote Conservative, to even out all the Labour votes that would come from the working class men.
15
Q
What about the French women doing war work shows it didn’t lead to a vote?
A
The French did a huge amount of war work but didn’t gain the vote until 1945 (however the French were not campaigning prior to the war)
16
Q
What were the methods of the suffragettes?
A
Cutting telephone wires, setting fire to buildings and post boxes, chaining to railings (purposeful imprisonment)
17
Q
What did the suffragettes gain from their methods?
A
Large scale publicity (but often bad publicity)
18
Q
What did Churchill say about the suffragettes?
A
That they are ‘marching backwards’ for their cause
19
Q
What did the force feeding of women do to the public?
A
They felt sympathetic for the suffragettes
20
Q
What showed that the suffragettes were patriotic and not working against the UK?
A
- They gave up their violent campaign to join the war work
- They named their newspaper the ‘Bitannia’
21
Q
What did the suffragettes show the government?
A
It showed them women had political awareness
22
Q
What is a main reason that parliament were seen to have no other option but to give women the vote?
A
They were terrified of their ‘wild period’ returning after the war
23
Q
Why did the 3rd conciliation bill fail?
A
Due to the suffragettes wild period
24
Q
What was the WSPU’s (suffragette) slogan?
A
Deeds Not Words
25
What did Emily Davidson do and what did it show the public?
She threw herself infant of the King's horse - it showed that women were passionate and serious about their cause but also that they were reckless and irresponsible
26
What did Marr say about the nature of the suffragette campaign?
'The Edwardian suffragette campaign was extraordinarily violent'
27
What happened in 1870 that helped towards women gaining the vote?
The Education Act was passed which gave all women basic education in English and maths - the excuse of uneducated women vanished
28
What colleges did women set up to gain degrees and what did it do?
Set up colleges like Girton at Cambridge - they were becoming professors but still count vote?!?
29
What two things were women doing that SHOULD have made them have the vote?
- Owning property
| - Paying taxes
30
What was introduced that helped women become involved in enfranchisement
The introduction of Libraries and Newspapers politicised women leading many to join political parties
31
What other countries had given women the vote and what did this do?
New Zealand, Isle of Mann and some US states - they had not had the adverse effects that had be published, showed that it might not be that bad, it actually helped their countries. Britain didn't want to seem 'behind' other countries.
32
Who made reports on poverty in Britain?
Booth and Rowntree
33
What did Booth's report show?
That 30% of London was in poverty - a huge amount of people didn't have sufficient living conditions
34
What did Booth believe would happen if the government didn't do something about the levels of poverty?
A socialist revolution would happen
35
What did Rowntree's report show?
28% of York was in poverty - it was not just the unique conditions of London that caused poverty, the rest of Britain was probably the same
36
What was the attitude to poverty when the Liberal government took office at the turn of the century?
- The Poor law was in place and was degrading and surrounded by a negative social stigma
- The policy of 'Laissez-faire' was introduced meaning 'live alone'
- Poverty was caused by personal inadequacies
37
How did the policy of 'Laissez-faire' become popular?
Through Samuel Smile's book 'Self-Help'
38
What did Booth and Rowntree's report show overall?
laissez-faire wasn't working and something needed to change and that poverty was caused by the governments lack of support - the poor reasons for poverty were out of their control
39
What was national security?
The fear over Britain's military future due to poverty levels affecting the men fighting
40
What happened to 25% of men that volunteered to fight for the Boer War?
25% were turned away due to lack of physical heath being deemed unfit to fight
41
Why was the fears over national security so significant to the country?
The government knew were wouldn't be able to defend ourselves against a stronger enemy with this military deficiency and Britain's imperial supremacy could be in danger
42
What was significant about the Boer War volunteers in Manchester?
8000 out of the 11,000 who volunteered were turned away - there was a fear the rest of the country was the same
43
What about the reforms introduced shows the government did not care as much as initially thought about the physical condition of the volunteers?
To care for the sick was not the first reform introduced
44
What was national efficiency?
The fact that other countries were much more efficient socially and economically than Britain
45
Who visited Germany and what did they see?
Lloyd George - saw Germany had sickness benefit and pensions and they were more efficient than Britain - Germany had already had their industrial revolution
46
What do historians now believe about national efficiency?
That the decline of Britain was exaggerated by people who were alarmed at the growth of other countries
47
What did Murphy say about Britain's national efficiency?
'Britain needed to have a strong healthy workforce'
48
What was 'new liberalism'?
A group of men produced by the liberal party who believed that the role of the government includes addressing economic and social issues such as poverty
49
What did Churchill (a new liberal) believe?
That taxes should be raised to support the poor
50
What was new liberalism a direct opposition to?
Laissez-faire
51
What did Lloyd George (new liberal) believe?
That the state has a duty to help the most vulnerable people of society
52
What did Lloyd George show within the Liberal party?
He was not an upperclassman - showed diversity and relations with the working class
53
Who was a direct threat to the Liberals and why?
Labour - the liberals hoped they would get support from the working class but Labour gained 29 seats in HoC - the liberals saw that if they didn't help the working class they would lost to Labour
54
What was municipal socialism?
It is the idea that the spending of local authority money can be used in order to benefit the public as a whole
55
Who took control of utilities and services in Birmingham, what did he introduce and what did this show?
Joe Chamberlain - he introduced public parks, gas lighting, libraries and publics baths - it showed that the improvement of social services in towns improves the poverty rates
56
What shows municipal socialism was working?
Some small liberal controlled towns had success in tackling social problems
57
What was a downside of municipal socialism?
The government were not influenced by small local councils
58
Why was the 1906 election a great success for the Liberals?
They won a landslide victory
59
What 4 groups of people did the Liberal reforms concern?
- The sick
- The unemployed and poor workers
- The young
- The old
60
What drew attention to the problem of poor workers?
Huger marches of 1903 and 1905
61
How did the reforms concerning the sick respond to the issue of national deficiency?
It focused on stopping illness and death particularly the 75,000 deaths to tuberculosis a year
62
Who did the reforms concerning the sick provide health insurance for?
Any workers earning less that £160 a year (15 million people)
63
How much maternity benefit did the reforms concerning the sick introduce for mothers?
30 shillings
64
What did insured workers get from the reforms concerning the sick?
10 shillings a week for 13 weeks and then 5 for a further 13 weeks when ill or injured
65
Why were the reforms concerning the sick not helpful for everyone?
They only included the worker, not their family no matter how sick they were
They didn't include the self employed
66
Why were some people still extremely but not receiving sickness benefit?
They were earning just above £160
67
What did the sickness benefit not include?
Treatment by dentists of options
68
What was the main problem with workers paying into sickness benefit?
Contributions themselves sent people below the poverty line and you didn't get anything back if you never claimed them
69
What was wrong with the timescale of the reforms concerning the sick?
26 weeks was not enough for chronic illnesses or injuries - they received nothing after the time but still couldn't work
70
What year was The Old Age Pensions Act introduced and what did it do?
1908 - granted 25p a week to over 70's
71
What was different about the pension to sickness benefits?
It was non contributory - you didn't fund it yourself
72
By 1913 how many people were receiving the pension?
1million
73
What was seen as Liberals most effective and popular act?
The Old Age Pensions Act
74
Who was excluded from receiving the pension and why was this a problem?
Anyone receiving poor relief - they were the ones who needed it the most
75
What was wrong the the age that one could receive the pension?
Not many people were living to 70
76
What did Booth and Rowntree estimate was the minimum amount needed in a pension to keep someone above the poverty line and what was wrong with this?
35p - the pension at the moment was only 25p
77
Why could many over 70s not claim the pension?
You needed a birth certificate and many didn't have one
78
What years were the Education Acts for the young introduced and what did they do?
1906 and 1907 - provided free school meals for needy children and introduced a compulsory medical examination for children 3 times a year
79
What did the number of free school meals rise to and what did this show?
3 million to 14 million, showed how necessary the act was and was extremely important to in tackling malnutrition
80
What was wrong with The Education Acts for the young?
They were not compulsory so only a third were providing free school meals by 1911
81
What happened during the school holidays to children receiving free school meals?
The growth of children was halted - undid everything the act did during the term
82
In what year was the Labour Exchange Act for introduced and what did it do?
It provided centres where employers could advertise jobs and workers could find them
83
What did the 1911 National Insurance Act do?
The worker, employer and the state all made weekly contributions - if the worker fell out of work he could receive 7 shillings a week for 13 weeks
84
What year was the Workman's Compensation Act introduced and what did it do?
1906 - allowed workers to claim compensation from their injuries
85
What did miners secure in 1908?
8 hour working days
86
What was a fault in The Labour Exchange Act?
Advertising wasn't compulsory so many didn't
87
What did Rowntree think about The 1911 National Insurance Act?
- the 7 shillings wasn't enough
- the contributions could put people into poverty
- the 15 weeks was not enough for long term injuries
88
What happened after WW1 concerning the unemployment acts?
Long term unemployment hugely increased and the system fell apart - the contribution of those in work was not enough to pay out for those out of work
89
What did the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1906 not provide?
Money for the court fees so many couldn't afford to take their claim to court to get their compensation
90
What was Britain like after 1930?
- Rife poverty
- Health system insufficient
- Housing being in huge demand after WW2 and baby boom
91
What did the Labour government vow to do?
Never to return to the levels of poverty their were and to tackle the 5 giants
92
Who made a report introducing the '5 giants' that needed to be tackled and what were they?
Beverage - Disease, Squalor, Idleness, Ignorance, Want
93
What did the introduction of the NHS do ad what did this show?
It resulted in massive queues everyday showing how necessary it was
94
What happened to the hospital service under Labour?
It was nationalised - allowed the state to ensure all hospitals were adequately proved for - nurses didn't have to prioritise like they had before
95
How many prescriptions were given out under Labour?
13.5 million
96
What wasn't positive about Labour's disease reforms?
The NHS went £72 million over budget
97
What had to happen to the charges for the NHS to save money?
Prescriptions became charged for as well as dental and optometry work
98
What does Jeffreys say about Labour's disease reforms?
'Most popular and enduring of Labour's reforms'
99
How many good quality homes did Labour build between 1945 and 1951 to address squalor?
1.25 million
100
What temporary set up to address squalor became popular?
Pre-fab houses
101
What did the New Town and Country Planning Act do?
Provided central planning and direction fro urban regeneration
102
How many houses were needed after WW2 and why?
4 million:
War damage
Baby boom
103
How many families were still waiting to be houses in 1951?
750,000
104
How long did people live in the 'temporary' pre-fabs?
Until the 60's and 70's
105
What was wrong with the newly planned towns by 1951?
Many were still building sites
106
How many houses had Bevan promised to build?
5 million
107
What industries did the government nationalise and how did this address idleness?
Coal, steel and transport - They could now control business with taxes and keep more people employed
108
How did nationalisation attack squalor?
- They reached full employment (2.5% unemployed)
| - Profit made would go to the state to reinvest into industry
109
What was a downside to nationalism of industries?
It actually created more unemployment in the long run - it reduced competitiveness and efficiency in the workforce
110
Who's act stacked the giant of ignorance and what did it do?
Butler - his education act raised the school leaving age to 15 and introduced the 11 plus exam to send people to schools according to their ability
111
What initiative was introduced to attack ignorance?
Emergency teacher training were introduced and by 1951 35,000 teachers had been trained
112
What was wrong with the 11 plus exam?
It was elitist and only a small amount of middle class students got the top level of education - Labour were accused of abandoning their principles of egalitarianism
113
What did the National Insurance Act of 1946 do?
Intended to lift people out of poverty:
- £1.30 a week for an adult
- Provided allowances for all types of people in poverty
114
What did the National Insurance of 1948 do?
Provided a safety net for those in poverty:
- Non contributory (provided by the state)
- Legally abolished poor law and work houses
- Comprehensive from 'cradle to grave'
115
What was wrong with the benefit rate of the National Insurance Act?
It was fixed for 5 years so it's value decreased due to inflation
116
Why was the poor law being abolished not enough?
Britain was still divided by social class
117
What was wrong with who could use the 1946 National Insurance Act?
It was means tested so people were reluctant to use it due to stigma surrounding it
118
What was Churchill's analogy for the Liberal reforms?
If we see a drowning man we do not drag him to the shore. Instead, we provide help to allow him to swim ashore
