Scotland Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What date did Alexander III die?
A
1286
2
Q
Who was set to become queen after Alexander’s death and what was the problems with this?
A
Margaret (The Maid of Norway), Alexander’s granddaughter - She was 3 at the time, a female had never rules Scotland before and she was in Norway
3
Q
What document secured that The Maid of Norway would be Queen and why was it introduced?
A
The Tailzie - when Alexander’s final male heir died in 1284 he wanted to prevent ambiguity and civil war for the crown
4
Q
What happened at Scone in April 1286?
A
The nobles called a parliament ad agreed to work together for the good of the kingdom. 6 Guardians were elected to govern Scotland until Margaret could take over (2 Bishops, 2 Earls, 2 Barons) and were to find her a husband.
5
Q
What was the community of the Realm?
A
A group of people (churchmen and nobles) who would protect Scotland’s interests at times of hardship or difficulty
6
Q
What was the Treaty of Salisbury?
A
It demanded that Margaret be handed over to Edward and be raised in the English court until Scotland was a safe place for her to return to. Gave pretext to Edward to Edward I in interfering in Scottish affairs. The Scots would not marry off the maid without Edwards ‘agreement and advice’
7
Q
What was the Treaty of Birgham-Northampton?
A
This was a treaty that agreed that:
- Margaret would be betrothed to Edward - son of Edward I, King of England
- Scotland would remain independent despite the union between the Queen of Scotland and the heir of England
- The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall rule in their own Kingdoms
8
Q
When and how did the Maid of Norway die?
A
September 1290 - On her way from Norway to Orkney
9
Q
What was different about the validity of he Treaty of Birgham-Northampton?
A
It was a marriage agreement and therefore only valid if the marriage took place.
10
Q
Why was there a threat of civil war in Scotland?
A
There was two very strong rival families (Comyns and Bruces) who were trying to position themselves well or the throne
11
Q
What happened in the Winter of 1286 that added to the crisis happening in Scotland?
A
Robert Bruce felt that the six guardians selected were pro-comyn and he was not happy. He went on a rampage attacking castles
12
Q
Why did the Bishop of Fraser of St Andrews (one of the six guardians) write to Edward I?
A
He was fearful of the ambitions of Bruce so begged Edward to intercede
13
Q
Who sent a second letter calling for Edward’s help in 1290?
A
7 Scottish Earls
14
Q
What did Edward agree to do for the vacant Scottish crown?
A
Wholeheartedly judge between the claimants
15
Q
How many claimants were there for the Scottish crown?
A
13
16
Q
After Bruce’s rampage what did Scotland do?
A
Strengthened all their castles and defences
17
Q
Why did the community of Scotland voluntarily keep Edward I frequently updated on events?
A
To still aim to keep a stable relationship with England
18
Q
How was Edward I related to Scotland’s royalty?
A
His sister had been Alexander III’s first wife so the maid was his great niece so he had an interest in her and Scotland’s welfare
19
Q
How did Edward I appoint his own guardian?
A
He appointed Anthony Bek (Bishop of Durham) to represent the maid
20
Q
Who did Edward send to Perth to welcome the maid?
A
Earl Warenne of Surrey and Anthony Bek
21
Q
Why was Edward I asked to intervene in the succession crisis?
A
He was considered a legal expert and had helped other countries in the same position
22
Q
Why was Edward’s intervention in Scottish fairs not seen as threatening at the beginning?
A
Scotland and England had been at peace for so long
23
Q
Why did Scotland need help in deciding their knew King?
A
The claimants couldn’t impartially judge between them selves - they wanted to solve the crisis carefully without bloodshed, everyone in Scotland was biased, they needed someone from outside
24
Q
Why was Edward seen to be trustworthy in judging the Scottish King?
A
The treaty of Birgham-Northampton guaranteed Scottish independence so Edward had to be a fair judge
25
Why did Edward encourage other candidates to to come forward for the Kingship?
This meant he could have greater control over the candidates and take more time over his decision. This would allow his authority over Scotland to be accepted
26
What did Edward ask all the candidates to do at Norham before the legal process could begin?
Acknowledge him as their overlord - making his authority clear to the Scots
27
What did the Guardians admit to Edward so that his judgment could be enforced?
That he had custody of the Kingdom of Scots for the duration of the proceedings
28
What power did the Scots have is deciding their own King?
Balliol and Bruce were allowed to appoint auditors to aid Edward's decision
29
What did Edward encourage during the succession process?
Adjournments - to allow the Scots to get used to him being in power and to allow the court of Holland to find written evidence
30
In the 19 month period of Edward deciding who would become King how much of this time was actually used for the political process?
12 weeks
31
What advice did the Parisian lawyers that Edward consulted give him?
To go with the person who was nearest by degree (Bruce)
32
Why did Edward see Balliol as having a better claim to the Kingship?
He was a generation closer to Alexander III (primogeniture)
33
When and where was Balliol inaugurated? Who was present?
30th November 1292 (St Andrew's Day) at Scone
| Edward's men Anthony Bek and John de St John were present
34
Why was John and Edward's relationship unequal form the beginning?
John had to accept Edward as his overlord
35
Who was the last person to accept Edward's overlordship?
Balliol - he wasn't in favour of being rules by Edward
36
Why did John see himself as in debt to Edward?
Edward chose him despite the advice from Parisian lawyers - he favoured him over other candidates
37
What evidence do we have that John felt obligated to do what Edward said?
While staying with Edward for Christmas John paid homage for his Kingdom
38
How were all guarantees of Scottish independence taken away and what did this show?
John was forced to sign a letter which over turned the treaty of Birgham-Northampton as the marriage never took place. This showed that Edward could undermine John and all his decisions
39
What evidence is there that John stood up to Edward?
In the MacDuff case he refused to go down to the English courts showing he was standing up to Edward
40
How did Edward retaliate to John refusing to go to the English courts in the MacDuff case?
He imposed stricter rules about legal procedures (King of Scot's attendance is now mandatory) showing that he could retaliate more powerfully and stay in control
41
Edward threatened to seize three Scottish castles castles. - what did this show Balliol?
That he had the confidence, ability and military supremacy to uphold Scotland
42
What shows us that Balliol was becoming intolerant to Edward's demands?
He attacked the area around Carlisle
43
Many Scottish nobles took Edward's side over John's in 1296 - what does this illustrate?
That even amount the Scots many believed Balliol was inferior to Edward and stood no chance of defeating him
44
What attractive peace terms did Edward offer John?
He allowed Anthony Bek to negotiate a surrender with John and offered him lands and an English Earldom
45
Why did Edward retract the attractive peace terms he offered John?
Edward discovered the Scots had made an alliance with the French - he was furious and felt betrayed
46
What did Edward force John to confess concerning France and what did this show?
That he had rebelled and that the shouldn't have made an alliance with France - showed John was powerless to Edward
47
What action of Edward's showed he intended to rule permanently?
He removed Scottish sovereignty (Crown Jewels, stone of destiny) which meant a new king couldn't be appointed
48
Why wasn't Balliol intended to go into running the country?
He was the youngest of four brothers so was intended to go into the church
49
Where does Balliol swear fealty (loyalty) to Edward?
Scone and Newcastle
50
What did Bruce do at the Battle of Dunbar and what does this show?
He fought on the English side - Shows that some Scots were siding with Edward not Balliol
51
What had Balliol never done before becoming King?
Military Service
52
What did Edward do regarding a Berwick Burgess's court hearing?
He overturned a decision made by the Scottish court - was humiliating for John
53
Why would standing up to Edward be difficult for John?
Edward had a much larger army
54
Why did the Scottish community form a council of 12?
They saw John as having no backbone so they took responsibility for the government of Scotland
55
What did Edward do repeatedly to exert his authority and humiliate Balliol?
Summoned him to appear before the English court for example to pay for Alexander III's overdue wine bills or to tell him the English verdict on Scottish cases
56
What was the first Scottish response to Edward's overlordship?
Shock - they didn't expect to have to submit to Edward before proceedings could begin at Norham
57
Why did the Scots take a three week adjournment when Edward asked them to recognise him as their overlord?
They tries to prove that there could be no claim of English overlordship
58
When did the Council of 12 make an alliance with France?
1295 October
59
What did Edward do in March 1296 which showed he was prepared to use force?
He mustered his army in Newcastle
60
How did Scotland lose their biggest trading port?
Edward's army played siege to Berwick and massacred 7500 people - Berwick would now be part of England
61
Why was the Scottish army's morale crushed at Dunbar?
The Scottish army was big in their terms so when the English decisively beat them it crushed their morale
62
How did Edward ensure no-one was opposing him in an attempt to subjugate Scotland?
He gained the allegiance of several key Scottish nobles including (Robert the Bruce and Robert Bruce (His father))
63
What was the Ragman's role and how many people signed it?
A document Scots were to sign swearing fealty to Edward - 1500
64
How and why did Edward capture Scottish castles like Edinburgh, Perth and Stirling?
He had the latest siege equipment - it showed his power over the Scottish as castles were built as a sign of prestige
65
What happened on July 7th 1296 in Strathco church yard?
John was made to formally renounced his treaty with the French and lose Scotland's biggest ally
66
John had to renounce his Kingdom to Edward I - what did this mean for Scotland?
That they had no King - Edward was their ruler
67
Why was Balliol called Toom Tabbard and what does this mean?
It means empty empty coat - he was called this because all the royal insignia was ripped from him (crown, setter, ring, sword)
68
Why was it easier for Edward to control events in Scotland in the latter half of 1296?
Because John Balliol and 100's of other Scottish leaders were imprisoned in England - The most powerful people were not now in Scotland
69
How did Edward try to ensure that there would be no other Scottish King?
He removed all the things that are needed for a traditional Scot's inauguration: Stone of destiny, black rood of St Margaret and Crown Jewels
70
What happened to the Scottish government records stored at Edinburgh Castle and how did this affect Scotland?
They were to be shipped to England but the sank en route - it meant Scotland lost their history and identity
71
By the end of Edward's subjugation of Scotland why was Scotland not being run by its own people?
Edward brought in Englishmen to fill key Scottish positions such a Judiciaries and Sheriffs for example Hugh Cressingham was made treasurer of Scotland and Earl of Surray was made Lieutenant (BOSS!) of Scotland
72
Why was there underlying resentment of Edward from the Scots?
Because the Scottish relics had been taken to England
73
What was the Scottish reaction to King John being imprisoned in the tower of London?
They were angry and humiliated
74
What were English priest to do in 1296/7 and what did the Scots think about it?
English priests were to replace Scottish priests when vacancies arose - it made Scottish resistance to Edward grow
75
Why were Scottish taxes raised and why did it cause resentment?
They were raised to help fund Edward's fight with France - The Scots felt like they were being robbed by Cressingham
76
How much of Scotland's money did Cressingham send to Westminster in 1297?
£5188
77
How does Guisborough describe Hugh Cressingham?
'a man who robbed too much'
78
How many sacks of wool were seized form Melrose abby to support Edward's army?
55
79
What made the Scot's angry about the location of the lieutenant and treasurer?
Hugh Cressingham was based in Berwick and De Warenne wasn't even based in Scotland
80
Why was Edward's focus divided on Scottish resistance?
He believed his with France was a bigger problem
81
Why were the MacDougals in the Western highlands bitter from 1296 - 1305?
They lost influence due to Edward's struggle against the MacDonald's as he used Inverlochy castle which was the MacDougal's base
82
Who were the rebellions in the North of Scotland led by and what had just happened to him?
Andrew Moray - He has just escaped from being imprisoned by Edward's forces and Chester Castle after being captured.
83
What castles did Andrew Moray successfully overthrow and when?
Urquart, Elgin, Banff and Aberdeen - 1297
84
Who rebelled against Edward in the West of Scotland and why did they stop?
Robert Bruce and James the Steward - had to surrender at Irvine to English nobles
85
Who did William Wallace first murder?
William Hesilrig (Sheriff or Lanark)
86
Where did Wallace spend weeks training volunteers to fight?
Selkirk forest
87
Which Scottish person led a rebellion capturing Caspar Castle?
MacDuff of Fife
88
Who did Wallace join with to besiege Dundee Castle?
MacDuff
89
Which two people assumed joint guardianship of Scotland in the name of Balliol?
Wallace and Moray
90
Who led the Scottish army at Stirling Bridge and what was the outcome?
Wallace and Moray - won against the English
91
Roughly how many men were there in the English army at Stirling Bridge?
300 Cavalry
| 6000 Footmen
92
What were Guisbrough and Cressingham's estimates of the numbers in the English army and why were they wrong?
Guisborough:
Cavalry - 1000
Footmen - 50000
Cressingham:
Cavalry - 300
Footmen 10000
These were an overestimate as Cressingham was taxing them and wanted more money
93
Roughly how many men were there in the Scottish army at Stirling Bridge?
Few dozen archers
| 3000 pikemen
94
What happened the night before the battle of Stirling Bridge on the English side?
Richard Lundie, realising the crossing at the castle was too small wanted to march further to get a better bridge which allowed more men to cross - Cressingham reused
Lennox and Steward argued and rode off
95
What happened the morning of the battle of Stirling Bridge on the English side?
Warenne slept in so cressingham sent his troops over the bridge, warenne calls them back again and then they are sent over again!
96
What happened at Stirling Bridge?
Scots looks high ground on Abbey Craig
The Bridge only allowed two men to cross at a time to as the English came over the Scots picked them off
Many Welsh bowmen swam to saftey but many soldiers drowned in the river
97
Who was not present at Stirling bridge?
Edward
98
Why were the English over confident at Stirling Bridge?
They had a much bigger army and had won decisively at Dunbar.
99
Why were the Scots determined at Stirling Bridge?
They were fighting for their independence while English soldiers were fighting for money
100
What did the Scots not use at Stirling bridge?
Chivalry
101
What were the outcomes of Stirling Bridge?
The Scot's Morale was high
Edward was furious and determined to beat the Scots
Moray later dies from wounds
102
Roughly how many men were there in the Scottish army at Falkirk?
Cavalry (light) - 300
| Footmen - 5000
103
Roughly how many men were there in the English army at Falkirk?
Cavalry (heavy) - 3000
| Footmen -26,000 (including 12,000 welsh archers)
104
What was different about the Scottish and English (welsh) bowmen?
The English were long bowmen while the Scots were only trained to be short bowmen (useless)
105
What was the new Scottish tactic at Falkirk?
Schiltrons - walls of thickets with wooden sticks placed in the ground In front
106
What happened to the schiltrons at Falkirk?
They were destroyed by the welsh bowmen
107
What happened after the schiltrons had been destroyed at Falkirk?
The cavalry were sent to finish off
108
What did Wallace and the cavalry do at Falkirk
They fled into the forest as they had no hope of survival if they did - they lived to fight another day
109
What was the impact of the Scottish defeat at Falkirk?
Wallace resigned guardianship
| Edward re-established control over southern Scotland
110
How did Wallace and Moray try and resume trade independently of English control?
They sent a letter to Lubek and Hamburg
111
What did Wallace send the Bishop of Lamberton to ask the Pope and was he successful?
If King John could be released into Papal custody - he was successful
112
Why did Pope Boniface VIII abandon the Scots?
He was in favour of support from the English instead as he needed Edward's support in a dispute he was having with the French King Phillip IV
113
What happened in 1302 which meant Edward could be fully focussed on hammering Scotland?
Phillip IV of France abandoned Scotland for peace with England meaning the Scots had no allies
114
What castle did Edward besiege in 1302 using his new weapon 'War wolf'?
Stirling
115
What did Robert the Bruce do in Winter 1301-02
Sided with the English
116
When was Wallace outlawed?
1304
117
Who betrayed Wallace?
Sir John Menteith
118
What happened to Wallace in 1305?
He was executed and his body parts were sent to 4 separate ends of the country to deter any future Scottish rebels?
119
Why had Bruce been trained from a young age in military tactics?
He was the son of a earl
120
Why was Bruce an expert in Guerrilla warfare?
He learned it making surprise attacks and ambushes hiding in the South West of Scotland
121
What evidence do we have that Bruce delegated well?
At the Battle of Bannockburn he divided his forces in to three brigades lead by Thomas Randolph, Edward Bruce and himself. He was able to trust his generals to carry out their own attacks so could strike in many places
122
What was one way Bruce showed his ability as a military leader off the battle field?
He used treaties and truces to ensure peace such as the truce he made the MacDougalls of Argll accept
123
What castles did Robert Bruce capture to make use of them?
Urquart, Inverness and Inverlochy
124
What previous tactic did Bruce alter to make more successful?
He made the schlittons mobile in order to push back at the English cavalry
125
What evidence to we have that Bruce prepared well for battles?
He dug holes in the ground before Bannockburn to stop the English cavalry
126
What had Bruce done previously that made Scots opposed to him?
He frequently changed sides and fought alongside the English
127
Who did Bruce murder for the throne and why was it such a big deal?
He murdered John 'Red' Comyn but it was in a church so he was excommunicated for sacrilegious murder
128
When most of the Scots still believe John Balliol to be the rightful king was does it look like Bruce has done?
Seized the throne
129
What is an example of Bruce using brutal tactics to deal with his Scottish opponents?
He completely destroyed the Comyn lands in the North East to prevent further uprisings
130
Why did Bruce capture and DESTROY many Scottish castles?
It rendered his Scottish enemies homeless and. meant the castles wouldn't fall into enemy hands
131
Who did Bruce made a secret pact with and what did it agree?
Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews - It agreed they would help each other in case of 'future perils'
132
Who supplied Bruce with galleys (ships)
Allies in the West (MacDonalds) He used them and resources to capture castles as he proceeded up the great glen
133
Who was the 'hammer of Scots' and what happened to him in 1307?
Edward I - he died removing the key opponent of bruce
134
What powerful organisation did Bruce have the support of?
The Scottish Church
135
Why were Bruce's enemies not a huge problem for him?
They were geographically remote from each other so could not mount effective opposition
136
Wha did Bruce do to attain peace with England and was it successful?
He raided the north of England to force peace. It caused anxiety and confusion and England suffered economic damage but it didn't concern Edward II so no lasting peace was reached
137
How did Bruce attempt to use diplomacy to reach peace with England was it successful?
He made a deal with France called the Treaty of Corbiel 1326 which promised mutual aid if either of them came under the forces of England.
It was not successful - France failed to come to Scotland's aid even though conflict did arise with England
138
What was the declaration of Arbroath?
Letter written by 40 earls and barons (the nobility of Scotland) appealing to the Pope to see Bruce as the King of Scots and Scotland as an independent kingdom
139
What did the declaration of Arbroath state Scotland had lived in before Edward?
'Freedom and peace'
140
Was the declaration of Arbroath successful?
It changed the Pope's mind and Bruce's excommunication was lifted
141
What was the English weakness after Edward II's death and how did Bruce take advantage of it?
Edward III was only 14 so Bruce renewed the fight instructing Randolph and Douglas to raid the North
142
What was the English reaction to Bruce's invasions of the north after Edward II's death?
They were worried the mounting cost of the conflict so sought a peace treaty with the English
143
What was the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton?
It renounced claimed of English overlordship of Scotland
144
What proclamation did Bruce issue in 1314 to maintain Scottish independence?
Forbid all nobles from owning land in England and Scotland
145
What did Bruce's brother do to maintain Scottish independence?
Invaded English controlled Ireland in the hope of a Gaelic alliance against England
146
What did Robert Bruce to every year between 1314 and 1323 to maintain Scottish independence?
Invaded England
147
How did Robert Bruce reward his followers?
He gave them large grants of land taken from his enemies
148
Where did Bruce gain important forgein aid from?
Aberdeen
149
What did Edward Bruce's campaign in Ireland do?
Acted as a diversion making it difficult for English to focus on conquest of Scotland
150
Roughly how many English were fighting at Bannockburn?
Cavalry - 2000
| Footmen - 10000
151
Roughly how many Scottish were fighting at Bannockburn?
Cavalry - 500
| Footmen - 6000
152
What preparation did the Scots do at Bannockburn?
Scots divided into 3 troops
| Dug holes into the ground concealed with sticks
153
Day 1 of Bannockburn
- English de Bohun killed
- Scottish spearmen target English horses
- Sir Alexander Seton defects from English and tells Bruce of their low morale
154
Day 2 of Bannockburn
- Attempt to organise English archers stopped by bruce's attack
- English cavalry retreat
- Small Folk plunder the English
- Mowbray surrenders castle to Bruce
