Britain after WW2 :)

Question 1

development of association football

Answer 1

as 20th century progressed football became britain’s major sporting activity
in 1900 maximum wage was £4 a week until jimmy hill fought for over £100 a week
recently football has undergone increase in commercialisation meaning top players can reach role model/famous status due to bosman ruling

Question 2

elite female footballers

Answer 2

1969 - wfa formed to promote womens games at national level
1971 - first national competition - ban on women playing lifted
1972 - national englands team set up
1991 - wfa set up womens premier league
2004 - bbc broadcast fa cup final to 2 million ppl
2008-2012 - four year strategy to increase coverage and participation
2012 - womens gb team competed in london olympics

Question 3

positive factors in increasing participation for women in football

Answer 3

• equal opportunities: sex discrimination act
• increased media coverage: bigger sponsors
• more female role models: officials, players and coaches
• provision in schools: national curriculum
• increased support from fa
• more clubs forming
• more funding at grass roots level
• more free time: domestic pressures reduced for women slightly

Question 4

positive factors in female official participation

Answer 4

• fa approval/active involvement including targeted programmes
• national referee strategy adapted to include women too
• use of positive role models/mentors
• fa respect campaign to improve player conduct and behaviour towards referees
• increase in equality and recognition in womens abilites

Question 5

barriers for female officials

Answer 5

• physical and psychological intimidation (hostility and aggression)
• lack of adherence to fa respect
• reports of sexism and marginalisation
• lack of support/training/feedback
• lack of role models

Question 6

development of lawn tennis

Answer 6

in 1920s professional tours and tournaments set up to earn money for skill
four ‘majors’ were strictly for amateurs

1968 the open ear started allowing pros and amateurs to play in all tournaments
-inequality in earnings for men (2,000) and women (750)

by 2007 the gap was closed with both winning 700,000

Question 7

emergence of women in tennis

Answer 7

wta developed own personal circuit in late 20th century for top level women

billie jean king was first to earn 100,000 in a year + chris evert earning 1 mill

2015 saw over 2,500 women competing for 129 mill at 55 wta events

Question 8

development of track and field athletics

Answer 8

trust funds set up after the war to allow amateurs to keep their status but still receive financial rewards
-governing body for athletics insisted on authorising all payments

today, payments are made directly to athletes with iaaf setting up competitions to win prize money and pick up sponsorship deals

Question 9

female athletes in athletics

Answer 9

20th century - women were excluded from events in the olympics
-marathon opened to women in 1984

negative myths ab women are being challenged such as impact on child bearing

Question 10

media

Answer 10

organised means of communication where large numbers of different people can be reached quickly - tv, newspapers, radio, internet and social media

Question 11

commercialism

Answer 11

process of attempting to gain money from an activity - sport

Question 12

commercial sport

Answer 12

• professional sport - high quality and high skill levels
• sponsorship and business
• entertainment - viewing must fit into small time scale for tv
• contracts - sale of merchandise
• athletes as commodities -
• widespread media coverage and interest in high profile, visually appealing sports

Question 13

effects of commercialisation

Answer 13

~rules and scoring adapted or introduced to prevent spectator boredom
~breaks are extended for sponsors to advertise
~women’s sports have less coverage affecting participation and funding
~increased use of technology to create a more personal experience for viewer

Question 14

globalisation

Answer 14

process of nations becoming linked together and become more interdependent

• sponsorship of events (coca cola)
• players are recruited for teams in countries other than their own
• spreading of sport to ‘new nations’
• increasing pressure to perform at the best leads to drug use

Question 15

impact of social media on sport

Answer 15

+ enables top players to build up large fan bases in short space of time
+ empower athletes at every level to engage with wider audiences
- consequences to posting on social media