BROA 303 | REVIEWER Flashcards
to pass the exam and ace it! (144 cards)
1
Q
WHAT IS THE FOUR POINTS OF CRITICISM?
A
- MODE OF INQUIRY
- PROCEDURE OF EXPLANATION
- PROPOSITION OF JUDGEMENT
- GESTURE OF WRITING
2
Q
“Hindi nagpapanibago ang lipunang ito… Ang tanging paraan para mabago ang ganitong kalakaran ay magpunta sa lansangan.”
A
LINO BROCKA
3
Q
Hindi nadidinig ang mga hinaing ng taumbayan kaya’t dinadala ang mga pagtatangka sa kalsada.
A
Street Parliament
4
Q
Ang tawag sa diskursyo ni Brocka; bilang representasyon ng mga api at kaawa-awa
A
Lumpen
5
Q
Ang pagsusulat ay isang gawaing nakakasira ng kapayapaan.
A
James Baldwin
6
Q
Ang isang akda ay hindi lamang dokumento ng sibilisasyon kundi ng barbarismo.
A
Walter Benjamin
7
Q
Naghaharing-uri, bourgeoisie
In Marxist philosophy, __________ are the class who own the means of production in a given society and apply their cultural hegemony to determine and establish the dominant ideology (ideas, culture, mores, norms, traditions) of the society.
A
RULING CLASS
8
Q
Promoted by the ruling class to benefit in their own interest
Marx and Engels: Ruling class not only controls the material aspect of society but also dominates the realm of ideas.
Prevailing ideas in society is controlled by the ruling class.
Dominant: The ideas they promoted became the idea of society.
A
RULING IDEAS
9
Q
They created and promoted ideas in society.
A
Thinkers
10
Q
Just maintaining their position in the class.
A
Passively Receive
11
Q
3 ATTEMPTS AT PROVING THE HEGEMONY OF THE SPIRIT IN HISTORY
A
- Separate rulers from ideas
- Organize ideas with a mystical connection
- Shift to personal consciousness
12
Q
Distinguish between rulers who govern due to empirical reasons and the rule of ideas or illusions in history.
A
Separate rulers from ideas
13
Q
Show a mystical link between ruling ideas by considering them as forms of self-determination, connected by their empirical basis and shaped by thought.
A
Organize ideas with a mystical connection
14
Q
Turn the self-determining concept into personal self-consciousness or view historical figures (thinkers, philosophers) as representing these ideas and shaping history as its rulers.
A
Shift to personal consciousness
15
Q
Low class people; cannot unite until they are able to become a state, minorities
A
Subaltern
16
Q
He says that subaltern refers to any low-rank person or groups in society who are denied a voice and deprived of basic rights by the dominant ruling class
A
Antonio Gramsci
17
Q
Who should rule according to Antonio Gramsci
A
The Subaltern Classes
18
Q
Institutions like schools, religious organizations, and media that shape people’s beliefs, values, and identities in capitalist societies (Althusser). (Harrison 2001)
A
Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)
19
Q
Ideology is not just a set of beliefs but includes actions within institutions that form subjects and maintain social relationships.
A
Role of Ideology
20
Q
They categorize individuals and assign them roles, shaping and regulating behaviors and boundaries.
A
Institutions’ Influence:
21
Q
Institutions like the police, military, and courts control people through force or the threat of violence to maintain order.
A
Repressive State Apparatus (RSA)
22
Q
RSA VS. ISA
A
REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUSES
One Apparatus
Function by Violence
Belongs to the Public Domain
IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES
Many appearance (plurality)
Function of ideologies
Mostly belong to the private domain
23
Q
Idea existing from ruling class
A
Hegemony
24
Q
Introduces 2 apparatus than can led by education and moral. It brings us ideology
A
Althusser
25
The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception
They were prominent German philosophers and social theorists
They were key members of the Frankfurt Society
Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno
HORKHEIMER AND ADORNO
26
Sistema ng mass production at pagkonsumo ng cultural goods na pinagtitibay ng kapitalismo.
CULTURE INDUSTRY
27
KATANGIAN NG CULTURAL INDUSTRY
Mass Production
Commercialization
Standardization
Ideological control
28
Nakakabawas sa pagiging natatangi ng isang produkto. May template na sinusunod para predictable ang kita ng film production.Results in mass production of media na pare-pareho ang plot para siguraduhing kumita ang project.
Standardization
29
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
Walter Benjamin
30
Sa pagsulong ng teknolohiya, nagiging talamak ang pag-reproduce ng sining at midya na siyang direktang nakakaapekto sa paraan ng pagkonsumo ng mga tao sa sining.
Reproduksyon
31
Nakabubuo ng bagong perspektibo patungkol sa sining. Sa pagiging mas accessible nito, nababawasan naman ang ‘aura’
TEKNIKAL NA REPRODUKSYON
32
Ang 'aura' ng isang sining ay nagmumula sa...
Tradisyon at Kasaysayan
33
L’art pour l’art
Art of art’s sake
34
Tumutukoy sa kahalagahan o espesyal na kahulugan ng isang bagay dahil ito ay ginagamit sa mga ritwal, tradisyon, atbp.
Cult Value
35
Ang sining ay ginawa upang ipakita sa maraming tao o sa publiko.
Exhibit Value
36
Naging daan upang magbago ang pananaw at idea ng mga tao sa sining
Potograpiya
37
DALAWANG KLASE NG PAGTATANGHAL
PAGTATANGHAL SA ENTABLADO
PAGPAPAKITA SA SARILI
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Kabilang sa pinakahuling produksyon ang pagbuo ng kita, ngunit binansagan itong dadaism
Introduksyon sa Dadaism
39
Binebenta ng mga pelikula ang ideya ng isang nakakahumaling na mundo kung saan hindi natin kailangan masyadong mag-isip
Pagkonsumo ng Sining
40
Capitalist driven entertainment and the mass production
Repress the imagination and transform the masses into “culture dupes.”
ADORNO AND HORKHEIMER
41
Different angles and form of media
since our society is capitalist driven, the media we consume is repetitive it led for the industry to be homogenized.
Fractalization
42
Single form of media
Homogenization
43
Propaganda Model
Noam Chomsky
44
Five Filters of Propaganda Model
(1) ownership; (2) advertising; (3) official sources; (4) flak; and (5) marginalizing dissent.
45
The dominant media firms are quite large businesses; they are controlled by very wealthy people
Most media outlets are owned by a few big corporations, which means they have a vested interest in promoting certain viewpoints that align with their business interests.
Size, Ownership and Profit Orientation of the Mass Media
46
Media sources relay for sponsorship for revenue
Selling products to their viewers, also selling their viewers to companies
Manipulating contents
Advertising License to do Business
47
Framing information
Symbiotic relationship with powerful sources of information by economic necessity and reciprocity of interest
Primary sources of media outlets government and big corporation, thus, audience rely to much on these information
Sourcing Mass-Media News
48
Flak refers to a negative response to a media statement or program. It may take the form of letters, telegrams, phone calls, etc.
The producers of flak add to one another’s strength, and reinforce the command of political authority in its news-management activities.
Media outlets are not risking sa mga controversial para hindi mag-cause ng negative feedback from the elites and corporations
Flak and The Enforcers
49
Communism as the ultimate evil has always been the specter haunting property owners, as it threatens the very root of their class position and superior status.
Anti-Communism as a Control Mechanism
50
Refers to the dominance of certain theories
Media Imperialism
51
Netflix’s international expansion involves heavy vertical integration
PLATFORM IMPERIALISM
52
This refers to a company’s control over
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
53
5 filters of news media
Ownership
Advertising
The media elite - dominating the industry
Flak - criticism against the network
Common enemy - progressive groups are the enemy
54
Mass media determine the issues that concern the public rather than the public’s views
AGENDA-SETTING THEORY
55
Consumers use the media to satisfy specific needs or desires
USES AND GRATIFICATIONS THEORY
56
The self is derived from and develops through human interactions
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
57
Who hold a minority opinion’s silence themselves to prevent social isolation, explain the role of mass media in the formation and maintenance of dominant opinions
SPIRAL OF SILENCE
58
Paulit ulit na pinapakita ng media, naabsorb ng audience
Heavy to media causes individual to develop an illusory perception of reality based on the repetitive
CULTIVATION ANALYSIS
59
Common media format and styles serves as a means of perceiving the logic
MEDIA LOGIC
60
Is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication
Media Literacy
61
Content sharing on platforms like Facebook is considered to be the most effective vehicle for spreading information
Many users prioritize the reinforcement of their existing views
SHARING ONLINE CONTENT
62
Is the natural cognitive tendency to favor information supporting pre-existing beliefs
- Algorithms
- Online communities
- Filtration of information
CONFIRMATION BIAS
63
Proponent of the idea that individuals tend to seek information that reinforces their existing beliefs making them susceptible to biased media representations
Ideologies na dala-dala natin simula bata pa
ANDREW WHITE
64
Is the production of a message.
To encode a message, the producer/sender of
the message must appreciate how her audience
understands the world.
ENCODING
65
Is the process where an audience member understands and interprets the originally encoded message. Hall describes it in terms of three theories of participation.
DECODING
66
ENCODING AND DECODING PROPONENT?
STUART HALL
67
This is a type of reading wherein the whole
idea of the author/producer is taken by the audience as it is — with
no extra notes.
DOMINANT READING
68
A type of reading where the audience
acknowledges some parts of the media text, but also rejects some
and has some other views of it.
NEGOTIATED READING
69
The audience fully rejects or disregards the
whole idea and creates new meanings/insights on their own.
OPPOSITIONAL READING
70
Proponents of Myth
Refers to a critical concept used to describe how myths are constructed and perpetuated in society.
Individual units of meaning (eg. words) should be understood as part of a larger system or "structure".
ROLAND GERARD BARTHES (1915 - 1980)
71
Barthes’ contribution to this idea lay in literary theory, where he developed an approach for identifying " levels of language" in a text:
- Function
- Action
- Narrative
72
Involves acknowledging minor flaws in a class-based institution to hide its major problem.
THE INOCULATION
73
Perspective obscures important concepts like determinism and freedom.
THE PRIVATION OF HISTORY
74
Idolizes the upper class and pinipilit makisabay that leads to supporting the oppression brought by the elite without them knowing they're also being oppressed.
Middle Upper Class
Petit bourgeoisie
75
Repeats the same idea without clarifying its meaning
Doesn't define what it really is; doesn't clarify what it really mean
Tautology
76
Reality is simplified to two analogues that are weighed against each other until both are dismissed.
Neither-Norism
77
Narratives coming from a generation to generation
Myth
78
Proponent of semiotics (use of image to create meanings; sign-signified- signifier)
Ronald Barthes
79
Focuses on dominant ideological symbols in the media.
Used traditionally to analyze narratives of power.
Barthesian Semiology
80
As developed by Roland Barthes, decodes the hidden meanings within cultural symbols and images.
The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation .
Semiology
81
BARTHES' SEMIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Signifier: The image or object seen.
Signified: The deeper concept behind the image.
Myth: The ideology or societal message conveyed.
82
A visually striking performance or display (Oxford Dictionary, 2024)
especially : an eye-catching or dramatic public display
Spectacle
83
Ang relationship natin sa isat-isa ay mediated by images, resulting in a distribution and commodification of human interactions
Proponent of Spectacle
PURPOSE: to catch our attention
Guy Debord
84
Effects of Spectacle?
1. Spectacle promotes Passive Consumption
2. Spectacle blurs the line between Reality and Representation
3. Spectacle Maintains the Capitalist Ideology
4. Spectacle diverts our Attention from Social Issues
5. Spectacle's Alienation
6. Spectacle's Being into Having
85
Meaning of “Sapere Aude”
"Dare to Know" or "have the courage to use your own reason"
Motto of Enlightenment
86
Proponent of Public Sphere
Jurgen Habermas
87
Is seen as a domain of social life where public opinion can be formed
Public Sphere
88
Can social media be considered as a public sphere?
No, it cannot be considered as public Sphere.
Because of algorithm and filtering source of social media. It doesn't meet any criteria of a public sphere
89
'The Medium is the Message'
Global Village
Father of Media Studies
Marshal McLuhan
90
Who wrote the The 'I' in the Internet
Jia Tolentino
91
How does technology impact culture ?
- transforms communication styles
- alters media consumption
- shifts social and political engagement
- commodifies personal identity and stories
- encourages the spread of global trends and cultures
- disrupts traditional media structures
92
Discipline refers not just to institutions or systems, but to a type of power and control exercised through various tools, techniques, and methods.
Discipline has gradually spread throughout society, moving from isolated institutions to becoming a general mechanism of control.
Panopticism
93
Theorist of Panopticism
Michael Foucault
94
Relationship between poststructuralism
and panopticism...
Lies in their power
95
Operates through subtle, everyday mechanism of discipline
Control through surveillance
Panoptic Modality of Power
96
- Has often been criticized for being historical and for favouring deterministic structural forces over the ability of people to act
- Surveillance - train individuals to see themselves as being seen, It really separates you from your understanding of the certain thing.
Post-Structuralism
97
Proponent of Deconstruction?
Jacques Derrida
98
Rich text that exemplifies his philosophical approach and explores reexamination propound.
”letter to a japanese friend"
99
No difference between signified and signifies; "a signified on is dreary a signifier while the signifier is already signified " (no binary distinction)
Deconstruction
100
Known as the "Father of Post-Colonialism"
Edward Said
101
A body of thought that includes postcolonial literature, which is a way for authors to reconcile the ways in which colonialism affected their communities. Some famous postcolonial theorists and authors include
Post Colonialism
102
Refers to the continued depiction of the East (particularly the Middle East, Asia, and North Africa) through biased, exoticized, and stereotypical lenses, typically
Orientalism
103
KEY ELEMENTS OF ORIENTALISM IN MEDIA
Stereotyping and Exoticism
Demonization and the “Islamic Terrorist” Trope
104
Film critic
The Bontoc Eulogy
He explores colonialism
Richard Brody
105
Pagbura ng history
Cultural Oblivion
106
- Now focus on the less important rather than the important ones
- Living in the diamond glass shoes
- Living in a simulated world, simulacra, hyperreal - the reality is now connected with the idea of simulation
Post humanism
107
Influential American literary critic and marxist theorist known for his work on modernism, culture, and history gained recognition from his book postmodernism “Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism” where he explores the cultural shifts linked to postmodernism his work is deeply informed by Marxist theory focusing on
Fredic Jameson
108
The waning of affect
Euphoria and self-annihilation
Postmodernism
Diamond Dust Shoes
109
Buhay ay nakapattern sa capital ideology.
Tinuturo satin ng western to live your life to the fullest. To satisfy yourself. Naglilead ito sa atin para magkasakit. Then capitalism offers us kung paano magsurvive.
Posthumanism
110
Nabubura yung pagitan ng reality and imagination
nagiging mas tunay
Binabago ng media ang pananaw natin sa mundo
Hyperreal
111
A process where representation images does not portray sa makakatotohanang bagay/mundo. lumilikha ng sarili
Simulation
112
One of the most influential european philosophers
BERNARD STIEGLER
113
Tools externalize human capabilities like memory and creativity.
EX. Writing
TECHNOLOGY AS AN EXTENSION OF HUMANITY (EXTERIORIZATION)
114
Cultural and technical memory (epiphylogenesis) accumulates externally. This process enables human advancements beyond genetic evolution
EX. Books, archives, and digital media.
EPIPHYLOGENESIS (A SECOND MEMORY)
115
Tool act as an extension of life; preserving human achievements beyond death-examples
EX. Monuments, books, digital archives,
DEATH, MEMORY, AND INNOVATION
116
The idea "Everything begins with Feet" is from
Ideas encourage us to reconsider how tools and technologies shape human history and identity.
Leroi Gourhan
117
Presents view of human evolution that prioritizes mobility, technics, and exteriorization over intelligence or biological determinism.
Leroi Gourhan
118
Upright posture
Started a domino effects and enabled us to explore the world differently and variously
Enhanced brain development
THE ROLE OF SKELETON
119
Tools as Extensions of the body
Technological advancements
THE ROLE OF EQUIPMENT
120
Cognitive development
Cultural Transmission
THE ROLE OF THE BRAIN
121
Stiegler posits that technology is not merely a tool but an extension of our being
TECHNICAL CONSCIOUSNESS
122
A crucial aspect of technical consciousness is its ability to anticipate the future.
ANTICIPATION
123
Technology serves as an external memory system, allowing us to store and retrieve information beyond our biological limitation.
Con: relying to much on external memory can weaken our ability
THE ROLE OF MEMORY
124
Technology can be both a poison and a cure.
THE PHARMAKON
125
Brain that is responsible for higher thinking
Biological basis
Cognitive development
CORTEX
126
Technological tool that was developed before
FLINT
127
Gusto ng utak natin na i-upgrade ang isang bagay just like scissors, limited lang ang uses niya to cut. Hence, we developed cutters, etc.
FEEDBACK LOOP
128
Capacity of humans to understand, critique, shape the technological systems that we create
Pag analyze sa mga developments natin, kung helpful ba ito
TECHNICAL REFLEXIVITY
129
Concerned with the role of symbols and language in shaping human thought and behavior
Our notion for electric vehicle - we see it as good for the environment, but we overlook the process of it such as over mining.
SYMBOLIC REFLEXITY
130
Concrete but simple communication such gorilla
As tool become more advanced so as the language
ZINJANTHROPUS
131
Symbolic thinking emerge such as burial through
The use of dyes
NEANDERTHAL
132
THREE LEVELS OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
SPECIES RELATED
Anything that involves gauging our instinctive need
SOCIOETHNIC
Intelligence na nakukuha natin by co-existing with other people
INDIVIDUAL
Free will
Capacity to compare and gauge situations
133
Helps with learning skills, while personal memory connects more to symbols like language.
CULTURAL MEMORY
134
Marks the shift from genetic difference (the biological evolution of life) to a non-genetic form of difference.
DIFFERANCE
135
A concept that suggests a new kind of evolution, one driven not just by biology but by cultural and symbolic processes that unfold over time.
EPIPHYLOGENESIS
136
Tools (the inorganic “what”) invent and transform the organism (the “who”) while the organism, in turn, invents and shapes the tool.
TOOLS AND ORGANISM
137
THREE TYPES OF MEMORIES
GENETIC MEMORY
These are inherited traits that passed through genes.
EPIGENETIC MEMORY
Experiences toward the central nervous system. Experiences na nakukuha natin over time.
Before napaso ka, you will learn later on not to touch fire because it will burn
EPIPHYLOGENETIC MEMORY
Memory that you develop by co-existing with the environment and with people.
138
Are fully automated software agents intended for web use including handling of search engine tools, ad targeting, news feeds and handling of customer service inquiries.
WEB BOTS
139
According to _____________, power should not be infrastructure or structure—na ang kapangyarihan ay pwede rin ipakilala sa kababaihan.
MICHELLE FOCAULT
140
Ay isa sa mga element na tanyag sa larangan ng pelikulang aksyon kung asaan pinapakita na ang sistemang parte ng mga karakter ay umiikot para sa kalalakihan. Ito ay isang konsepto wherein ang lalaki ay mayroong kapangyarihan at ang authority ay pawang nasa kalalakihan lamang.
PATRIARCHY at MISOGYNY
141
Kakayahang protektahan ang kaniyang pamilya
COUNTER MACHISMO
142
Pananatili sa loob ng grupo bilang babae sa isang paligid na puro kalalakihan
COUNTER-PATRIARCHY AT COUNTER-MISOGYNY
143
Kakayahang magdesisyon ng kababaihan para sa sarili
OPRESYON SA KASARIAN O COUNTER WOMEN’S INFERIORITY
144
Kalayaang pumili at pantay na oportunidad para sa kababaihan
PEMINISMONG LIBERAL
