BSci Definitions Flashcards
(104 cards)
Secobarbital intoxication
Barbituate derivative drug that possesses anesthetic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic properties. Symptoms of oral overdose may occur within 15 minutes and begin with central nervous system depression, underventilation, hypotension, and hypothermia, which may progress to pulmonary edema and death. Hemorrhagic blisters may develop, especially at pressure points.
Sundowning
Drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, and falling as the result of being overly sedated with medications, happens in elderly and at night.
Alcohol withdrawal
A set of symptoms that can occur when an individual reduces or stops alcoholic consumption after long periods of use. The withdrawal syndrome is largely a hyper-excitable response of the CNS to lack of alcohol. Symptoms typical of withdrawal include agitation, seizures, and delirium tremens.
PCP intoxication
known colloquially as Angel Dust. Works primarily as a NMDA receptor antagonist. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses will produce analgesia and anesthesia. High disease may lead to convulsions.
Methamphetamine intoxication
Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent euphoriant and stimulant as well as aphrodisiac qualities. The crash following the use of methamphetamine in this manner is very often severe, with marked hypersomnia.
Blockade of the dopamine transporter
Achieved through the use of a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Reuptake inhibition is achieved when extracellular dopamine is not absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron is blocked from re-entering the presynaptic neuron. This, in turn, leads to increased extracellular concentrations of dopamine and therefore an increase in dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Ketamine intoxication
At subanesthetic doses, ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterized by a sense of detachment from oneÕs physical body and the external world which is known as depersonalization and derealization. At sufficiently high doses, users may experience what is called the ÒK-hole,Ó a state of extreme dissociation with visual and auditory hallucinations.
Opiate withdrawal
Refers to the wide range of symptoms that occur after stopping or dramatically reducing opiate drugs after heavy and prolonged use. Opiate drugs include heroin, morphine, codeine, Oxycontin, Dilaudid, methadone, and others.
Conduct disorder
Diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated.
Tic disorder
Tics are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly. People who have tics cannot stop their body from doing these things. There are three tic disorders included in the DSM-5: TouretteÕs disorder; persistent motor or vocal tic disorder; and provisional tic disorder.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Rare genetic disorder in which seven genes on chromosome 15 are deleted or unexpressed on the paternal chromosome. Characteristics of PWS is low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and life-threatening obesity
Temporal Lobe Seizure
Originate in the temporal lobe which process emotions and are important for short-term memory. Some symptoms of a temporal lobe seizure may be related to these functions, including having odd feelings Ð such as euphoria, dŽjˆ vu, or fear.
Stage III/IV sleep
This stage is called slow-wave sleep. SWS is initiated in the preoptic area and consists of delta activity, high amplitude waves at less than 3.5Hz. The sleeper is less responsive to the environment, many environmental stimuli no longer produce any reactions.
REM
Rapid eye movement sleep. Stage of sleep characterized by the rapid and random movement of the eyes. Classified into two categories: tonic and phasic. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye movement, low muscle tone, and a rapid, low-voltage EEG.
Polysomnography
a comprehensive recording of the biophysiological changes that occur during sleep. The PSG monitors many body functions including brain, eye movements, muscle activity or skeletal muscle activation, and heart rhythm during sleep.
Cataplexy
Temporary loss of muscle tone and weakness precipitated by a variety of emotional states (as in narcolepsy).
Imipramine
Tricyclic antidepressant. Mainly used in the treatment of major depression and enuresis
Dopamine antagonists
A drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. There are five known types of dopamine receptors in the human body; they are found in the brain, peripheral nervous system, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and the kidney.
Lithium carbonate
Used to treat manic depressive disorder (Bipolar disorder). It works to stabilize the mood and reduce extremities in behavior by restoring the balance of certain natural substances in the brain
Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disorder
A rare, degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder. Usually appears in later life and runs a rapid course. In the early stages of disease, people may have failing memory, behavioral changes, lack of coordination and visual disturbances. As the illness progresses, mental deterioration becomes pronounced and involuntary movements, blindness, weakness of extremities, and coma may occur
Barbiturate abuse
In small doses, the person who abuses barbiturates feels drowsy, disinhibited, and intoxicated. In higher doses, the user staggers as if drunk, develops slurred speech, and is confused. At even higher doses, the person is unable to be aroused (coma) and may stop breathing. Death is possible
Alcohol abuse
Substance abuse experts make a distinction between alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Unlike alcoholics, alcohol abusers have some ability to set limits on their drinking. Common signs of alcohol abuse include repeatedly neglecting your responsibilities at home, work or school; using alcohol in situations where itÕs physically dangerous; experiencing repeated legal problems on account of your drinking; continuing to drink even though your alcohol use is causing problems in your relationships; and drinking as a way to relax or de-stress.
Depressive psychosis
a major depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms. Individuals with psychotic depression experience the symptoms of a major depressive episode, along with one or more psychotic symptoms, including delusions and/or hallucinations. Delusions can be classified as mood congruent or incongruent, depending on whether or not the nature of the delusions is in keeping with the individualÕs mood state. Hallucinations can be auditory, visual, olfactory, or haptic. Severe anhedonia, loss of interest, and psychomotor retardation are typically present
Histrionic personality disorder
Characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality. Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they are not.