BSES 34 Flashcards

Earth Science (83 cards)

1
Q

The largest unit of geologic unit of time

A

eon

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2
Q

Geologic time is divided into four eons

A

➢ the Hadean eon,
➢ the Archean eon,
➢ the Proterozoic eon,
➢ the Phanerozoic eon.

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3
Q

The first three eons are part of a time interval
commonly known as

A

Precambrian Time

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4
Q

a unit of geologic time that includes two or
more periods

A

era

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5
Q

After Precambrian time the ___ began

A

Phanerozoic eon

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6
Q

The first era of the Phanerozoic eon was the _____ which lasted 292 million years

A

paleozoic era

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7
Q

■ After the Paleozoic Era the ______ began and
lasted about 183 million

A

mesozoic era

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8
Q

contain fossils of a
wide variety of marine and terrestrial
life forms

A

Paleozoic rocks

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9
Q

include early forms of birds
and reptile

A

Mesozoic fossils

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10
Q

The present era is the _____, which began
65 million years ago.

A

Cenozoic Era

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11
Q

Fossils of mammals are common
in

A

Cenozoic rocks.

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12
Q

a unit of geologic time that is longer than an
epoch but shorter than an era

A

period

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13
Q

a subdivision of geologic time that is longer
than an age but shorter than a period

A

epoch

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14
Q

Epochs may be divided into smaller units of time
called

A

ages

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15
Q

are defined by the occurrence of distinct
fossils in the fossil record

A

ages

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16
Q
  • Time prior to Phanerozoic Era
  • Archean Eon
    ● 4.6-2.5 billion years ago
  • Proterozoic Eon
A

precambrian

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17
Q
  • Large under-formed portions of
    continent
  • Primarily Precambrian
A

cratons

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18
Q
  • Craton exposed at surface
  • Canadian Shield exposed by glaciation
A

Precambrian shield

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19
Q

Provide important information concerning age
of earth

A

origin of universe

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20
Q

Fragments of layer bodies that have
undergone collision and broken into pieces

A

origin of universe

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21
Q

Rocky composition

A

stony meteorite

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22
Q

Metallic composition

A

iron meteorite

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23
Q

Mixture of rocky and metallic

Proxy for core composition

A

Stony-iron meteorite

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24
Q

Organized in disks

A

Stars cluster in galaxies

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25
Our galaxy of stars
Milky Way
26
Galaxies move apart
Expanding Universe
27
Originally concentrated into a single point
Redshift
28
- 15 billion years ago - Age of universe
BigBang
29
our sun
Stars form
30
Exploding star
Supernova
31
Dense rational cloud
Solar nebula
32
Planets formed near time of sun’s formation
4.6 billion years ago
33
Earth materials differentiated
- Dense at center - Less dense silicates rose to surface ( magma ocean ) - Cooled to form crust
34
Moon formed from impact
- Mantle of impacting body - Proportions of Fe and Mg differ from Earth's mantle
35
Early atmosphere
- Degassing from volcanic Emissions - CH4 and NH3 abundant - Little O2 (No photosynthesis)
36
Earth’s Oceans
- Volcanic emissions cooled, condensed - Salts ( carried to sea by rivers and introduced at ridges)
37
Moon’s Maria
- Originally thought to be seas - Creates formed by asteroids - Floored by basalts - Craters ( 3.8 -4.6 billion years old )
38
Decreased through time
Heat flow
39
origin of the solar system
● Planets formed near time of sun’s formation ● Planets far from sun are formed from volatile elements ● Planets close to sun are rocky ● Rocky Debris
40
origin of earth and moon
● Meteorite impacts increased concentration of some elements in upper earth ● Earth materials differentiated ● Moon formed from impact ● Early atmosphere ● Earth’s Oceans ● Moon’s Maria ● Heat flow ● Indicates abundant hot spots, small lithosphere fragments
41
Basalt ( oceanic)
First Crust
42
- Formed nuclei of continental crust - Iceland (modern analogue )
Felsies differentiated
43
High heat flow limited continental thickness
Small Archean
44
- 4.1 - 4.2 B years old - Weathered from felsic rocks
Zircon Crystal
45
3.8 - 4.0 B years old
Canadian Shield
46
- Weakly metamorphosed - Abundant chlorite ( green color) - Nested in high-grade felsie metamorphic rocks
Greenstone belts
47
- Volcanic contain pillow basalts (underwater extrusion) - Formation of sediments in deep water
Greenstone belts contain igneous rocks
48
3 billion years old - Isua, Southern greenland
Banded iron Formation
49
- Deep water sediments accreted to continent - Marine sediments from wedge between continental masses
Continental Accretion
50
origin of continents
● First Crust ● Felsies differentiated ● Small Archean ● Zircon Crystal ● Canadian Shield ● Greenstone belts ● Greenstone belts contain igneous rocks ● Banded iron Formation ● Continental Accretion
51
- Water flowed once - Life may have evolved separately
mars
52
Produced amino acids found in proteins
Miller Urey
53
- Nucleic acid - Can replicate itself - May have been catalyst for production of key proteins
RNA world
54
- High heat - Chemosynthetic organisms
Mid - ocean ridges
55
2H2 + O2 - >2H2O + energy
Hydrogen Oxidation
56
S+H2 ->H2S+ energy
Sulfur Reduction
57
CO2 + 4H2 -> CH4 + 2H2O + energy
Methane production
58
types of bonding
● Chemical bonding ● Ionic bonding ● Covalent bonding
59
Formation of a compound by combining two or more elements
Chemical bonding
60
Atoms gain or lose outermost (valence) electrons to form ions
Ionic bonding
61
Example of Ionic bonding
Halite (NaCl)
62
Atoms share electrons to achieve electrical neutrality
Covalent bonding
63
Generally stronger than ionic bonds
Covalent bonding
64
Valence electrons are free to migrate among atoms
Metallic bonding
65
Minerals with the same composition but different crystalline structures
Polymorphs
66
Determined by observation or performing a simple test
Primary diagnostic properties
67
- External expression of a mineral's internal structure - Often interrupted due to competition for space and rapid loss of heat
Crystal form
68
minerals
● Naturally occurring ● Inorganic substance (non-living) ● Crystalline structure ● Definite chemical composition
69
4 Characteristics of mineral
1. Naturally occurring - formed by processes on or inside earth with no input from humans 2. Inorganic - not made by life processes 3. Elements or compound with a definite chemical composition 4. Orderly arrangement of atoms all minerals are crystalline solids
70
composition of minerals
● Elements ● Atoms ● Atomic structure ● Electrons
71
physical properties of minerals
1. Hardness 2. Color and Appearance 3. luster 4. specific gravity 5. streak 6. cleavage 7. fracture other properties 8. Magnetism 9. Reaction to Hydrochloric acid 10. Malleability 11. Double Refraction 12. Taste 13. Smell 14. Elasticity
72
Ability to scratch another mineral
Hardness
73
- They are not enough to distinguish most minerals
Color and Appearance
74
Refers to the way light bounces off the surface of a mineral. Minerals may be metallic (shiny ) dull, glossy, or pearly
luster
75
- Weight of a mineral/ weight of an equal volume of water - Average value = 2.7
specific gravity
76
A mineral's streak is the color of the powder left behind when its is scratched on a white tile
streak
77
Tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
cleavage
78
Absence of cleavage when a minerals is broken
fracture
79
Three Main types of rocks are
● Igneous ● Sedimentary ● metamorphic
80
Rocks that forms from melted rock
Igneous
81
Melted rock called magma cools and hardens to form igneous rock
Igneous
82
Layers of substances are pressed and cemented together
Sedimentary
83
can form from igneous and sedimentary rocks or from other metamorphic rocks
metamorphic