BU1 Flashcards
1
Q
Earth’s water is always in movement and is always changing states, from liquid to vapor to ice and back again.
A
The Hydraulic Cycle
2
Q
Heat energy from the sun causes water in puddles, streams, rivers, seas or lakes to change from a liquid to a water vapor.
A
Evaporation
3
Q
is the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves.
A
Transpiration
4
Q
Water vapor collects in clouds. As the clouds cool the water vapor condenses into water drops.
A
Condensation
5
Q
Water falls to the earth from clouds mainly as rain, but sometimes as snow and hail.
A
Precipitation
6
Q
Water System has to deliver 2 primary components:
A
- to deliver adequate amount of water
2. to deliver a reliable water source
7
Q
- Primary source of drinking water
• Porous consolidated rock or unconsolidated soil
A
Groundwater
8
Q
- Lakes, reservoirs, rivers
- Rivers dammed to create reservoirs
- Reservoirs store water during heavy rain/snow
A
Surface Water
9
Q
is a well that taps into a confined aquifer.
A
Artesian Well
10
Q
is one that has been drilled into an aquifer where the
pressure within the aquifer forces the groundwater to rise above the land surface naturally without using a pump.
A
Flowing Artesian Well
11
Q
– Are dug with earth augers
– usually less than 30m deep
– Located in boulder-free sites that will not cave in
A
Bored Wells
12
Q
– Simplest and usually the least expensive
– A steel drive-well point (32-50mm dia.) is fitted on the end of the pipe sections and driven into the earth
– Materials and drive-well points design vary according to expected characteristics of the well site
A
Driven Wells
13
Q
– Require a source of water and a pressure pump
– A washing well point is supplied with water under pressure ; this loosens the earth and allows the point and pipe to penetrate.
A
Jetted Wells
14
Q
– Require elaborate equipment of several types
– Dug by either percussion method or rotary drilling method
A
Drilled Wells
15
Q
These are delivered from a watershed area that is entirely owned or completely controlled by the water company or water authority.
A
Unfiltered Surface Water Sources
16
Q
These require complete treatment and include those that are not entirely owned, supervised, or controlled by the water company or authority.
A
Filtered Surface Water Sources
17
Q
Water Systems that supply water under pressure (2)
A
- Gravity Feed Systems
2. Pumping Pressure Systems
18
Q
These are reservoirs created in valleys between mountains
A
Valley-dammed. reservoirs
19
Q
These are reservoirs that are made by diverting water from local rivers or streams to an existing reservoir
A
Bank-side reservoirs
20
Q
These are reservoirs that are entirely man made. They are usually stored in concrete basins above or below ground.
A
Man-made reservoirs
21
Q
A type of positive displacement pump where a plunger moves back and forth within a cylinder equipped with check valves.
A
Reciprocating Pump
22
Q
A type of positive displacement pump that has a helical or spiral rotor – a turning vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve. As the rotor turns, it traps water between it and the sleeve, thus, forcing the water to the upper end of the rotor.
A
Rotary Pump
23
Q
This type contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The rotating impeller increases the water’s velocity while forcing the water into the casing, converting the water’s velocity into higher pressure.
A
Centrifugal Pumps
24
Q
A type of Centrifugal Pump where it has a vertical turbine located below groundwater level and a driving motor located higher up, usually over the well casing at grade; a long shaft is thus required between the motor and the turbine.
A
Turbine Pumps
25
A type of Centrifugal pump that are designed so that the motor can be submerged along with the turbine
Submersible Pumps
26
– A venturi tube is added to the centrifugal pump
– A portion of the water that is discharged from a centrifugal pump at the wellhead is forced down to a nozzle and the venturi tube
– The lower pressure within the venturi tube induces well water to flow in and the velocity of the water from the nozzle pushes it up toward the centrifugal pump, which can then lift it more easily by suction
Jet Pumps
27
An aspect of water that
– easy to see and a likely source of dissatisfaction for consumers
– caused by presence of suspended materials such as clay, silt,
other inorganic material, plankton, or finely divided organic
material
– even those materials that do not adversely affect health are
usually aesthetically objectionable
Turbidity
28
An aspect of water that
– another visible alteration
– caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying vegetation
– some inorganic materials also color water, as do microorganisms
– usually do not threaten health, but they are often psychologically
objectionable
Colour
29
An aspect of water that
– can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or
dissolved gases
– can be treated only after a chemical analysis has identified the
source
Taste and Odour
30
An aspect of water that
– people expect drinking water to be cool
– water supplied between 10O and 16OC is preferred
Temperature
31
An aspect of water that
– Caused by concentrations of detergents
– Foam presence may not pose threat, but may indicate that other
more dangerous pollutants associated with domestic waste are
also present
Foamability
32
An aspect of water that – caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide components – testing for these components is a key to determining which
treatment to use
Alkalinity
33
An aspect of water that – caused by calcium and magnesium salts
– Can be classified as temporary (carbonate) or permanent (non-
carbonate)
– Temporary hardness can be removed by heating the water;
permanent hardness cannot be removed by simple heating
– inhibits the cleaning action of soaps and detergents
– It deposits scale on the inside of hot water pipes and cooking
utensils
Hardness
34
An aspect of water that – a measure of water’s hydrogen ion concentration, as
well as its relative acidity and alkalinity
pH
35
An aspect of water that – occasionally present in water supplies
– knowledge of acceptable concentrations of such
substances are a must
Toxic Substances
36
Water passes through a series of screens designed to remove debris such as twigs, leaves, paper, stones, and other foreign matter.
Screens are frequently removed for cleaning or are back-washed from high- pressure pumps to prevent clogging.
Screening
37
While the water moves slowly through each reservoir, much of the sand and silt settles to the bottom.
Treatment lines and basins are shut down periodically during times of minimum domestic consumption for cleaning.
Presidementation
38
A coagulant, aluminum sulfate, is added to the water as it flows to sedimentation basins.
Coagulants aid in the removal of suspended particles in the water by causing them to consolidate and settle.
Coagulation
39
The water is gently stirred with large paddles to distribute the coagulant.
Flocculation
40
The water flows into sedimentation basins where particles settle to the bottom.
Sedimentation
41
Water at the top of the basins flow to large gravity filters, traveling through layers of small pieces of hard coal, sand, and gravel.
The filters help remove smaller particles from the water.
Filtration
42
This may be accomplished by these methods:
‒ Chlorine is added to kill bacteria and viruses.
‒ Ammonia also is added.
‒ The chlorine and ammonia combine to form chloramines compounds.
Disinfection
43
Depending on the quality of the water at this point, the following additives may be injected into the water stream to accomplish the stated benefits:
‒ Fluoride is added to reduce tooth decay.
‒ Calcium hydroxide is added to reduce corrosion in the pipes and equipment of
the distribution system.
Disinfection
44
It is in which no elevated storage is provided, and the required distribution pressures are maintained only by pumping facilities.
– Obtains its supply of water through a large intake pipe installed in the lake basin extended down the water
Direct Pressure Distribution
45
– It is when the water is drawn from a drilled distribution by indirect pressure
– A turbine pump is mounted on top of the standpipe down the well below the water table
Indirect Pressure Distribution
46
– is usually located remote from the treatment plant but within the distribution system.
– is used to reduce treatment plant peak production rates and also as a source of supply for pumping to a higher pressure level.
Ground Storage
47
– is provided within distribution system to supply peak demand rates and equalize system pressures.
Elevated Storage
48
All the plumbing fittings are supplied with cold water direct from the mains.
A cold water cistern is normally used to feed the hot water supply system though water heaters are available which can be fitted direct from the mains.
Direct or Non-Storage
49
All plumbing fittings except the kitchen sink is supplied with cold water via a storage cistern, which can also be used to supply the hot water supply system.
Indirect or Storage
50
– Water is distributed through normal water pressure from public water main for use in low rise buildings
Upfeed Method
51
– Water is distributed through air pressure coming from suction tank for use in all tall buildings that cannot be reached by normal water pressure
Pneumatic Tank
52
– Supplies water to the plumbing fixtures by means
of gravity
– The water is pumped to a large tank on top of the building and distributed to the different fixtures
Overhead or Down-feed type
53
Refers to the public water connection that are laid underground along the streets where the house service is connected
Water main
54
Refers to the pipe connection from the water main or any
| source of water supply to the building served
House service pipes
55
Refers to the vertical supply pipe that extends upward from one floor to the next
Riser Pipes
56
Horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures
Branches
57
It is covered with protective coating of zinc that greatly increases its life compared to black pipe.
– It is made in standard 6m lengths with each end threaded. The pipe is cut and threaded to fit the job. Joints are made by placing a small amount of pipe joint compound on the pipe threads and screwing on the fitting.
Galvanised Steel Pipe
58
is available in types "K", "L", and "M".
Copper Pipe
59
is available in flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid forms. Flexible pipe is common for underground water piping because of installation ease and economy. It is 1⁄2” or more in diameter and in coils of 100 feet or more.
Plastic Piping
60
This flexible or semi-rigid pipe's strength decreases as
| the temperature rises, therefore it is for cold-water lines only.
Polyethylene
61
– This rigid pipe is available with pressure ratings of 50
to 315 psi.
– PVC should be used for cold-water only.
– It is used for some household cold water pipes and
drains and in some permanent irrigation installations.
Polyvinyl Chloride
62
This material is similar to PVC, but it is better for
handling corrosive water at temperatures 40 to
60°F above the limits for other vinyl plastics.
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
63
– This pipe is suitable for both hot or cold water
lines.
– Although this type of pipe was developed to
handle hot water, the manufacturer's stress and temperature limitations should be checked before installing. Local plumbing codes should be consulted also.
Polybutylene
64
– This semi-rigid pipe has pressure ratings between
| 80 and 160 psi, and is suitable for sewer pipe.
ABS
65
Are an extremely important pipe fitting that extend or terminate pipe runs. They are used to connect dissimilar pipes.
Pipe Adapters
66
Specially designed fittings meant to allow free flow of liquids in tank, drum drainage and other plumbing connections; also used as distribution outlets in a piping system.
Bulkhead Fittings
67
are special type of coupling, usually used to connect two pipes or a pipe to a fixture or valve.
A compression fitting tightens down a sleeve or ferrule over a joint to prevent leakage.
Compression Fittings
68
act as protective device and are designed to protect pipe ends of various shapes.
Pipe Caps
69
are fittings that help to extend or terminate pipe runs. Couplings extend a run by joining two lengths of pipe.
Pipe Couplings
70
installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction, usually in the 90° or 45° direction.
Pipe Elbow Fittings
71
consist of a circular clamp which is used to hold together and attach fibers, wires or posts. It is a type of a ring or cap attached to an object to protect against damage, splitting or wear.
Pipe Ferrule Fittings
72
These pipe plugs are designed to insert into the end of tubing to dead- end the flow.
Pipe Plug Fittings
73
a kind of pipe fitting that joins two pipes of different diameter. The pipe reducers are available in a range of materials depending on the end use of the products and these fittings are manufactured in inch and metric size.
Pipe Reducer Fittings
74
a type of fitting equipment designed in such a way to unite two pipes which can be detached without causing any deformation to the pipes.
Pipe Union Fittings
75
a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90° to the connection to the main line; a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet.
Pipe Tee Fittings
76
are used to allow one pipe to join another pipe at some degree or angle.
As the name suggests, the pipe wyes are Y-shaped pipe fitting devices.
Pipe Wye Fittings
77
A type of joint used for cast-iron pipe having hub-and-spigot ends.
Caulked Joint
78
A type of joint used only for pipe having hub-and-plain ends.
Are flexible pressure joints suitable for gravity drainage and pressurized liquid systems compatible with the pipe and gasket.
Compression Gasket Joint
79
Rigid non-pressure joints used to join plain end drainage pipes
Suitable for gravity drainage systems
Compression Coupling Joint
80
Can be used for any pipe with walls thick enough to have threads cut
Threaded Joint
81
This rigid pressure joint can be used only with plastic pipe
Each plastic requires a specific solvent/cement ratio combination recommended by the manufacturer.
Solvent Cement Joint
82
Is a rigid pressure-type joint used to join copper and copper alloy pipes and fittings
The distinction between soldering and brazing is the temperature required to melt the filler metal that enters the joint by capillary action.
Soldered and Braced Joint
83
This rigid pressure joint is used for relatively low-pressure applications on small diameter pipes made of soft copper or other metals.
Flared Joint
84
Rigid pressure joint formed as butt-fused joint or socket weld.
Butt-fused joints are created by melting prepared end metal pipes or square end plastic pipes, then butting them together and fusing them, which forms a homogeneous joint upon hardening.
Welded Joint
85
A rigid pressure joint consisting of two companion flanges, bolted together and made leak-proof by means of a gasket.
Flanged Joint
86
A rigid pressure joint used only for thermoplastic pipes
A special socket fitting has resistance heating wire embedded near the outer edge facing the pipe to be joined, complete with pigtails extended outside the fitting.
Heat-fused Joint
87
This joint requires two types of pipe end preparation, roll grooving and cut grooving.
The latter method is stronger, but the roll grooves must be used when the pipe is too thin for a groove.
Split-Coupling Joint
88
is an equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path.
Valve
89
It is operated by raising and lowering a double-faced wedge- shaped gate.
Gate Valves
90
This type of valve has an inlet and outlet end, and a valve disk, a, that closes against the pressure.
Globe Valves
91
A check valve is an automatic valve that opens to the pressure of water on one side but closes tightly when pressure is applied to the opposite end of the valve.
Lift Check Valves
92
It derives its name from the fact that the metal flap, a, yielding to the pressure of water, swings on the pivot and thus presents a straightway opening for the flow of water.
Swing Check Valve
93
A type of valve much used for controlling the water supply to separate fixtures.
It is known as an angle valve and is a modification of the globe valve.
Angle Valves
94
Apparatus for controlling or decreasing the pressure of
water within a building and thus relieving the system of
excessive strain.
Pressure Regulators
95
are automatic valves used on system lines and
| equipment to prevent over pressurization.
Relief Valves
96
A type of faucet for low pressure work.
| This type of cock is quick closing and closes with the pressure, a rubber packing (a), effecting the seal.
Fuller Pattern Faucets
97
May be either stop cocks for controlling water in a pipe,
or faucets for drawing water at a fixture.
− The only difference is in their exterior appearance, the principles
of construction and operation being the same for both patterns.
Ground Key Cocks
98
is used at kitchen sinks. In construction it is quite similar to a globe valve and, like one, it closes against the pressure.
The core, a, of a compression cock is fitted with a soft disk packing, b, which can be easily renewed when the cock leaks.
Compression Cocks
99
has a single lever or knob that opens and closes ports for water flow and shutoff.
Non-Compression Cocks
100
Water can be drawn from a self- closing bibb only while it is held open; the moment the hand is removed, the faucet is immediately closed by a spring provided for that purpose.
Self-Closing Faucets
101
is the pressure surge developed inside a pipe as a result of a rapid change in flow velocity, which usually accompanies a rapid closure of a valve in a system.
Water Hammer
102
is a measure of the probable hydraulic demand on the
| water supply by various types of plumbing fixtures.
Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU)
103
is a measure of the probable discharge into the drainage
system by various types of plumbing fixtures; used to determine the drainage from fixtures and required capacity of sewer service systems
Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU)
104
Devices designed to receive human waste and dispose of it properly in a sanitary sewer system
Water Closets
105
Water enters through diagonal
punching around the rim of the bowl, creating a vortex that draws water down into the rear trap with a swirling action that scours the walls of the bowl. Water strikes two parallel ridges and folds over, forming a jet and producing siphonic action. Large water surface provides a very efficient and clean process, and flushing is extremely quiet.
Siphon Vortex
106
Water enters through rim
punchings and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear trap, filling the trapway and creating an instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result is quick water withdrawal. Large water surface provides a very efficient and clean operation. With quiet flushing and moderate cost, this is the most popular residential model.
Siphon Jet
107
Water enters through rim
punchings and through a jet that fills the rear trapway completely, creating a siphon action and resulting in quick water withdrawal from the bowl. A water jet is located at the inlet of the trapway. Most of the bowl surface is covered with water. This model is efficient but moderately noisy. Its cost is reasonably low.
Reverse Trap
108
Water enters through an
open rim, as though a bucket of water were dumped into the bowl, filling the front trapway and creating a siphon action. This model provides quick water removal with minimum water rise. Small water surface makes the model more vulnerable to soiling and clogging. This the least efficient and the most noisy but lowest in cost.
Wash-down
109
have 2- to 4-gal (7.5 to 15 L) water storage tanks.
| The water is discharged into the bowl by gravity.
Gravity Tank Water Closets
110
are equipped with a flushometer valve that admits a time-measured (adjustable between 5 and 10 seconds) amount of water into the bowl under the water pressure.
Flushometre Valve Water Closets
111
the water closets are equipped with a pressurized tank within a conventional gravity tank.
Pressure Tank Control
112
It operates on a central vacuum piping system.
When the valve below the bowl is opened, the contents of the bowl are sucked into the drainage piping system under vacuum using only 0.3 gal (1 L) of water per flushing.
Vacuum Type Control
113
Similar to water closets in construction and operating principle, they are either wall-mounted or floor-mounted.
Water flushing action should thoroughly clean the entire interior fixture surface.
Urinals
114
Designed in a variety of size and shapes. Fittings, such as faucets, drains, and other accessories, are nearly unlimited in design and material.
Lavatory
115
When water begins to boil, it turns into steam; the temperature at which water changes from liquid to vapor is known as boiling point
Theory of Water Heating
116
Is that which causes a change in temperature when it is added or removed
Sensible Heat
117
Is that which causes a change of state in the substance, from solid to liquid to gas or vapor, while the temperature remains constant when it is added or removed
Latent Heat
118
consists of a hot water cylinder, a cold water storage cistern (tank), special pipework (known as an open vent pipe), and a heat source to heat the water.
Open-vented Hot Water System
119
is designed to do away with the storage cistern and operate at a much higher pressure than the open vented system.
Unvented Water System
120
involves using gas or electricity to heat the water to a useable temperature without the need to store the water. The electric versions use a coiled heating element to heat the water rapidly in a similar way to a kettle or immersion heater.
Instantaneous Hot Water System
121
art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings
Plumbing
122
all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm
drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders and
downspouts
Plumbing System
123
Includes all piping within the public or private premises that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste to a legal point of disposal.
Drainage System
124
is a system of pipes that carries sewage from bathrooms, sinks, kitchens, and other plumbing components to the wastewater treatment
plant.
Sanitary Sewer
125
is a system designed to carry rainwater,
rainfall runoff, condensate, cooling water and other
drainage but not sewage.
Storm Sewer
126
The piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other fixtures.
Soil Drainage System
127
The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of fecal flow.
Waste Drainage System
128
The piping system that receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal.
Storm Drainage System
129
The piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage or back pressure.
Vent System
130
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system that receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.
House/Building Drain
131
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. No house/building sewer shall be smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in size than the house/building drain
House/Building Sewer
132
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Waste Pipe
133
any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer.
Soil Pipe
134
a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.
Soil Stack Pipe
135
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vent Pipe
136
the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
Vent Stack
137
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal.
Septic Tank
138
a septic tank with the effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be permitted by the plumbing code.
Private Sewage Disposal System
139
a receptor designed to collect surface or storm water from an open area
Area Drain
140
the water collector at the eaves of the building.
Roof Gutter
141
also known as leader (a conductor if located inside the building), is an exterior vertical pipe which conveys rain water from roof or gutter drains.
Down Spout
142
Receives storm water , clear, rain or surface-water waste
Storm Drain
143
A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time to allow materials to settle to deposit.
Catch Basin
144
A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
Trap
145
is a tank or a pit that receives sewage or liquid waste; it is located below the normal grade of the gravity system and must be emptied by mechanical means.
Sump
146
is designed to transport clear, non-sanitary wastewater with some turbidity and suspended solids no larger than sand grains.
Sump Pump
147
is designed to transport sanitary waste and larger solids suspended in the effluent. All effluent is a liquid with solids suspended in it, but it has the same hydraulic characteristics as water.
Ejector Pump
148
A cleanout provides access to horizontal and vertical lines to facilitate inspection and provide a means of removing obstructions such as solid objects, greasy wastes, and hair.
Cleanouts
149
water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bath tubs)
Gray Water
150
water plus human waste solid and liquid, urine, that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.
Black Water
151
caused when a large amount of waste flows into the
| drainage system compressing the air in front of it.
Back Pressure
152
The pressure or suction caused by the strong winds can
| cause the water to rise and fall within the trap.
Wind Effect
153
A common occurrence especially in instances where a
| fixture or drain is only used sporadically.
Evaporation
154
doesn’t happen often but is a constant issue with a fixture losing it’s trap seal
Capillary Action
155
These serve individual fixtures.
Individual Vents
156
These provide additional air to the drainage system where the primary vent is too far from the fixture.
Relief vents
157
are used with more than one fixtures. A circuit vent is installed before the last fixture extend up to open air or connects to an other vent that extend to the outside
Circuit Vents
158
are vents extending horizontally that connects multiple vents together.
Branch Vents
159
This is a specific method for venting an island sink, one limited to sinks and lavatories. Residential kitchens sinks with a dishwasher waste connection, a food waste grinder, or both, in combination with the kitchen sink waste, shall be permitted.
Island Fixture Venting
160
is a device designed to allow air into the vent pipe when negative pressure develops in the system.
Air Admittance Valve (AAV)
161
A subsurface leaching area within the soil that receives the liquid effluent from the distribution laterals and distributes it over a specified area where it is allowed to seep into the soil.
Absorption Field
162
Odorless, highly efficient strains of sewage digesting bacteria that live only in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic Bacteria
163
Less efficient strains of sewage digesting bacteria that live only in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Bacteria
164
Black, slimy growth and by-product of anaerobic bacteria that grows at the interface of the distribution component and the surrounding soil. If neglected, the biomat becomes impermeable and can cause septic system backups and failure.
Biomat
165
Wastewater which flows out of a septic tank.
Effluent
166
Raw, untreated sewage and wastewater which flows into a septic tank.
Influent
167
Putrefactive, rotten, to make rotten. Lacking oxygen.
Septic
168
a hole in the ground lined with stones, bricks, or concrete hollow blocks laid in a manner as to allow raw
contaminated sewage to leach into the soil; the organic
wastes are disposed of by disintegration process.
Cesspool
169
a sealed concrete vault also constructed for the
collection of raw sewage; the organic wastes are also
disposed of by disintegration process.
Privy
170
a receptacle used to expedite the
decomposition of the elements in a raw sewage waste; raw sewage is composed of water and settleable solid called organic materials that can be liquified and precipitated in a short time.
Septic Tank
171
a system operated and maintained by the government; the system consists of a sewage treatment plant that conveys raw sewage from buildings to a disposal system
Public Sewer Line
172
(Classification of Fire) fires of ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics
Class A
173
fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil- based paints, lacquers, and flammable gases
Class B
174
fires that involve energized electrical equipment. In such fires, it is important that the extinguishing medium not be a conductor of electricity.
Class C
175
fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and potassium
Class D
176
are a series of pipes and valves which connect a water supply to hose connections and allied equipment that are designed to provide a pre-piped water system for fire suppression purposes for building occupants or the fire department.
Standpipe and Hose System
177
Classification of Standpipe for heavy stream applications
Class I
178
Classification of Standpipe “first aid fire appliances”
Class II
179
which has the features of both Class I and Class II.
Class III
180
filled with water at all times, is connected to a permanent water supply that is capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements.
Automatic Wet Standpipe
181
filled with water at all times, is connected to a water supply that is not capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements.
Manual-Wet Standpipe
182
filled with pressurized air, is connected to a permanent water supply that is capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It uses a device, such as a dry pipe valve, to admit water into the system piping automatically upon the opening of a hose valve.
Automatic-Dry Standpipe
183
with empty pipe, is connected to a permanent water supply that is capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It uses a device, such as a deluge valve, to admit water into the system piping upon activation of a remote control device located at a hose connection.
Semi-automatic-dry Standpipe
184
with empty pipe, is not connected to a water supply. Manual-dry standpipe systems need water from a fire department pumper (or the like) to be pumped into the system in order to meet flow and pressure requirements.
Manual Dry Standpipe
185
Most common type, have water, under pressure,
in the pipes at all times
Water is supplied either from a roof tank or from a ground level tank and automatic pump system that maintains pressure in the system
Wet-Pipe System
186
These systems are filled with compressed air (or nitrogen)
rather than with water.
Used in unheated areas, cold-storage areas including loading docks
As soon as sprinkler head opens, the compressed air rushes out, allowing water to enter the formerly dry-pipe system through a dry-pipe valve. It then functions like a wet-pipe system
Dry-Pipe System
187
This system is a dry-pipe system that has open
sprinkler heads.
Responds to abnormally high temperature anywhere in the protected area by opening a deluge valve that supplies water to all the heads. As a result, all sprinkler heads operate simultaneously.
Deluge System
188
This system is a dry-pipe system filled with air and having a supplemental detection system installed in the area. The detection system may be sensitive to either temperature or the density of smoke.
Preaction System
189
This system is a wet-pipe system that uses rather large sprinkler piping to circulate water for heating and cooling operations of the HVAC system.
Circulating Closed Loop System
