Building Operations Part 1 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary contribution the owner makes to a construction project?
A
Financial resources, including obtaining funding.
2
Q
What are the characteristics of an effective project team?
A
complementary skill sets, ample experience, passion for the task, strong work ethic, and ability to assess and evaluate a process.
3
Q
What helps to identify space requirements?
A
Needs assessment(analysis of space requirements of a specific user): evaluate organizational structure, review operating policies, tabulate all existing space use, develop space use standards, estimate potential staff levels, identify space needs for CAM, utility requirements, operational support requirements, space needs for tech.
4
Q
Describe the varieties of typical development and renovation projects.
A
Speculative development: building is built without a commitment from a user. Build to suit development: building is built for a person or specific need. Rehabilitation renovation: restoration of a property. Modernization renovation: bringing the property into conformity with changes in style. Remodeling renovation: changing the property to correct a functional or economic deficiency.
5
Q
What are two categories of building design codes, and how do they differ?
A
Zoning codes (control the use, height, density, and mass of a building) and building codes (regulations the promote general safety by regulating design and construction)
6
Q
Describe the components commonly included in construction contract documents:
A
working drawings, conditions of the contract, specifications.
6
Q
What are the different focus areas of physical and economic feasibility studies?
A
Physical: Site Coverage, floor area ratio, height limitation, On-site parking, Water supply, sewage collection systems, traffic flow, easement. Economic: Local-National-World Economy, supply and demand, projected cash flow, available financing, local development incentives, analysis of alternatives, lifecycle costing, cost-benefit analysis, other analysis methods.
7
Q
What level of stakeholder participation is needed in the green approach to program development?
A
greater than traditional program development. Triple bottom line: economics, social equity, environmental impact.
8
Q
Explain the benefits and limitations of the four primary project delivery methods.
A
Design-Bid-Build: reasonable speed and cost/project management orgs can complete project quicker and more cost effective. Design Build: combines design and construction; encourages collab/saving money not a priority. CMAR: integrated efforts provide value added expertise/different interests of the owner, designer, and contractor can lead to conflict. Multiple Prime Contracts: project admin manages entire project/unique financial demands and legal challenges.
9
Q
What goes into selecting the most appropriate project delivery method?
A
Consider nature of project, capabilities of the owner, and what best serves owners objectives.
10
Q
What are the standard construction contract types?
A
Cost-Plus, GMP-CM, Lump SUM, Unit Price
11
Q
What five acronyms are used in the bidding process?
A
RFI(Request for Info), RFP(Request for Proposal), RFQ(Request for Quote), RFQ(Request for Qualifications), EOI(Expression of interest)
12
Q
What are the two biggest causes for project failure, and what can overcome them?
A
Poor estimating and scheduling. A construction estimator.
13
Q
What is the single greatest cause of cost escalation and schedule delays on a construction project? What are the categories?
A
Changes. Actual Change (ordered by owner), constructive change (from errors or omissions in design), disruptive change (when owner changes the work)
14
Q
What provides the greatest value to the owner, and how is it provided?
A
Building commissioning. Establishing a technical library, inspecting the building and its systems, testing the performance of equipment and systems, training building staff.
15
Q
How is heat transferred within buildings?
A
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
16
Q
What forms of thermal insulation are used to restrict heat transfer in buildings?
A
Loose fill, blanket, batts, structural insulation board, slab or block, reflective, foam, sprayed on, corrugated.
17
Q
Types of masonry used in building construction.
A
Cement, concrete, mortar, brick, concrete block, stone.
18
Q
What types of metal products are used in building construction?
A
Iron(wrought and cast), steel, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, lead.
19
Q
What are some features of manufactured construction materials?
A
Plastics, gypsum, plaster, stucco.
20
Q
What characteristics of wood are commonly discussed when determining the best material for use in building construction?
A
Wood seasoning, defects, wood grading, and distinctions between structural and non structural wood.
21
Q
How do loads on building frames differ, and what types of loads are considered during design?
A
Dead(permanent) loads and live loads. Occupants, furnishings, machinery, movable partitions, precipitation.
22
Q
What are the effects of the three stresses on a member of a buildings foundation?
A
Tensile(stretching), compressive(squeezing), shear(opposing)
23
Q
Explain the application and benefits of various types of floor systems.
A
Steel and concrete decks: cellular steel, Composite steel, Open web joist, Concrete slabs, Slabs on-grade. Wood Floors:
24
How do the applications vary for different types of steel used in buildings?
Loadbearing wall: for single story and economical. Frame construction: most common, loads transferred to foundation by steel beams/columns. Long Span Construction: used for open areas, like atriums, hangers, auditoriums, theaters. Combination steel and concrete: most high rise buildings use, concrete around steel columns.
25
What are the the advantages and disadvantages for steel?
Advantages: High Strength, uniformity, elasticity, permanence, ductility, additions to existing structures. Disadvantages: Fireproofing costs, maintenance costs.
26
What are the the advantages and disadvantages for using precast concrete?
Advantages: Less labor per unit because of mechanized production, cheaper factory labor, reduced construction time, better quality control, greater independence of construction from weather. Disadvantages: Greater cost of transporting prefabricated units compared with transporting raw materials, excessive floor to floor heights, additional technical problems and costs of connecting precast elements, high maintenance costs with caulking and anchor inspections, heavier weight, reduced continuity between structural member's.
27
Explain the soil related issues facing existing building and new construction projects.
Moisture: higher the moisture, the lower the load bearing potential. Frost: Frost-heave increases soil volume causing distress to foundation. Shifting: settlement, upheaval, sliding, liquefaction.
27
Describe how climate and weather zones may impact a building envelope.
Cold Climates: lack of heat or underheating. Temperate climates: seasonal variations between underheating and overheating. Hot-Dry or arid climates: typically leads to overheating and dry air. Warm-Humid Climates: typically leads to overheating and humid air.
27
What are the two types of building foundation systems and their applications?
Deep Systems: used when soil does not posses loadbearing capacity. Types are concrete piles, steel piles, and wood piles. Shallow systems: used when soil has load bearing capacity. Spread footing systems and mat-raft systems.
27
What are the five steps of maintenance required for preventing building deterioration, and what types of deterioration should be considered for each structural type?
Locate deterioration, determine the cause and its neutralization or elimination, evaluate the strength of the existing structure, evaluate the need of repair, select and implement a repair procedure. Steel: corrosion, abrasion, loosening, fatigue, impact. Concrete: cracking, spalling, disintegration. Wood: decay, incest attack, distortion, deflection, checking, splitting, deterioration of the hardware, damage from the heat and sun.
28
What elements must be taken into account when designing and effective building envelope, how can they be controlled?
Water infiltration: pressure-equalization chamber, rain-screen wall, waterproofing barrier, weep system. Air infiltration: testing and proper sealing. Loads: designed to withstand wind and seismic loads. Thermal expansion and contraction: adequate joint tolerances and flexible sealing methods. Heat transfer: U-value and thermal breaks. Moisture migration: vapor retarder, insulation, venting, weep system. Sound Attenuation: insulating glass, storm windows, hollow frames. Building Maintenance and building codes.
28
Identify the five categories of curtain wall construction and explain their applications.
Metal curtain wall: most widely used, consists of entirely or mostly metal, accommodates thermal expansion and contraction, retain and air penetration, and deformations. Masonry veneer: movement is accommodated and does not accumulate to produce large vertical displacement. Exterior insulation finish system: attractive and easy to install. used to renovate older buildings. Stucco: low weight and flexible. Wall Panels: functioning as a complete wall assembly, supporting their own weight, resisting lateral loads, transferring lateral loads to the structural frames.
29
What are the basic types of windows available, and how are they used?
Aluminum: used in all types of construction. Vinyl: similar to aluminum but is softer. Steel: very strong, thermal expansion low, present little shadow or depth. Wood: Used in residential and light commercial applications.
30
Describe function and characteristics of window joints.
Where two points of a structure meet and must be held together. Movement may occur at this point so joint must be strong enough to withstand it.
30
What are the benefits of performing a building simulation in reference to building envelope retrofit projects?
inexpensive means to explore many different design options and HVAC systems. Supports the decision making process for building heat/cool lad calculation, alternative systems selection, energy performance analysis, energy management and control design, compliance checking, cost analysis, quality assurance. can make sure a retrofit project is done correctly the first time.
31
What approaches can a property or facility manager take when it comes to building envelope retrofits?
Window replacement, Brick façade rehabilitation, Metal curtain wall reseal.
32
Best practices that should be used to create an effective building envelope maintenance program.
Follow PM suggested be the manufacturer. Schedule regular inspection, cleaning, and prompt repair. Maintain written records of maintenance.
33
What are two common types of roofs?
Flat roofs and sloping roofs.
34
Briefly describe each of the two common types of roofing construction types.
Built-Up Membrane Roofing: commonly used on flat roof installations, made of felts, bitumen, and protective caps. Fluid-Applied Membrane Roofs: can be used on any shaped roof. Singly-Ply Membrane Roofs: used of elastomeric material. Metal sheet and metal panel roofs: strong protection and positive drainage. Preferable for industrial facilities. Shingles, shakes, and tiles: used for residential.
35
What roofing project concerns are associated with new roofing or reroofing projects?
weather and ecological.
36
What considerations are influential in the selection of a roofing system?
Roofing design considerations, building location, building use, building aesthetics, owners preferences.
37
What are the six types of roofing reinforcement for a built-up roofing system.
Dry felt, ply sheets, base sheets, cap sheets, venting base sheets, flashing felts.
38
What qualities are found in modified bituminous roofing systems?
Elastomeric modifiers and thermoplastic modifiers.
39
Describe benefits and drawbacks of single-ply roofing systems.
Benefits: prefabricated, applied cold, flexible, low temperature properties. Drawbacks: waterproofing redundancy impossible, workmanship must be perfect, less resilient to abuse.
40
What common roofing details are regularly included in roofing systems?
Flashing is essential to complete most waterproofing applications but it does mean cutting into the roofing membrane. Coping metal. Roofing Edges.
41
Why should roof components be isolated?
Minimize the chance of the forces of expansion causing a break in the waterproof membrane.
42
What should be considered when installing roof-mounted mechanical equipment?
Roofing equipment curbs, stands and other mounting.
43
Why is it valuable to establish a roofing maintenance program?
It is important to protect the investment in the building and its contents.
44
What are the main functions of interior walls in a building?
Separating and defining spaces, controlling sound, containing heat, resisting fire, bearing loads.
45
What are the advantages of metal framing?
lightweight, uniform dimensions, noncombustible, resistant to moisture and rot, easy to construct, does not twist, has pre-punched holes for ease of running electrical conduit, pre-engineered system.
46
What are the six types of gypsum board and how do they differ?
Predecorated wallboard (standard), insulating wallboard (has aluminum foil bonded to back for vapor barrier and insulator), fire-resistant (Type X) wallboard, water-resistant (Type W/R) wallboard or green board, gypsum sheathing (used as base for exterior finishes), gypsum lath (intended as a base for plaster).
47
How is glass-fiber-reinforced gypsum used in modern buildings?
GFRG is used for superior fire-retardant properties, variety of shapes similar to those previously available, installation with minimal field labor, light weight.
48
What are the three elements of paints and coatings, and what are their purposes?
Pigment: provides color. Solvent: thins the paint by dissolving or dispersing the binder. Binder: The glue that combines the pigment and solvents.
49
What is the most important phase in the painting process and why?
Surface preparation because correct preparation produces a smooth, clean, hard, and dry surface.
50
What is the purpose of coating steel?
Protects steel from corrosion.
51
What is autoignition, and how does it occur?
is when the solvent dries and gives off heat. if it cannot escape, the temperature rises and ignition occurs.
52
How is lead-based paint harmful?
it is carcinogenic and can cause permanent health damage.
53
What types of wall coverings are used in buildings for decorative finishes, and which is the most durable and easy to maintain?
Wall paper, vinyl wall covering, fabric and textured wall covering, wall panels. Wall panels are the best.
54
Identify the types of ceiling panels.
Lay-in ceiling panels can be ceiling tiles or ceiling boards.
55
Describe the nine varieties of ceiling systems.
Exposed Grid: low cost usually found in standard commercial offices. Concealed Grid: used in public areas of older commercail offices when a monolithic appearance is desired. Access Tile: similar to the concealed grid system. Snap-in Metal Pan: Public areas, expensive and difficult to maintain. Special Linear Ceiling System: made of a variety of materials, used in public areas. Integrated Modular System: efficient used in individual offices. Plaster or drywall ceiling system: Monolithic appearance but expensive. Fire Rated Ceiling System: can be constructed from metal framing and gypsum board. Open Ceiling System: used for adding height. Can cause air balance challenges.
56
Explain the best practices that should be used when installing flooring?
All flooring requires preparation of the subfloor.
57
What are the four types of flooring, and their characteristics?
Resilient: material that springs back or will rebound. Wood: comes in strip, plank, and block configurations. Made out of both hard and soft wood. Hard: the most durable finished floors. Textile: made of materials that can be woven, like carpets and rugs.
58
Define the types of vinyl tile, and explain their differences.
Backed: a vinyl layer that is bonded to a backing material. Homogenous does not.
59
What are the benefits of installing terrazzo flooring?
Combines the durability of marble with the strength and economy of concrete.
60
Describe a loop-pile carpet and its advantage over cut-pile carpets.
Loop-pile is more uniform.
60
Explain the various types of carpet fibers and their attributes.
Natural: cotton, wool. Synthetic: Acrylic, nylon, olefin, polyester, rayon.
61
What methods are used to install carpet?
loose-laid, stretched and tacked, or glued down.
62
Summarize the direct glue-down carpet installation approach.
Adhesive applied to the floor, carpet adhered directly to the subfloor and rolled with a weighted roller.
63
Define the terms used for measuring heat and humidity.
Btu: measures the quantity of heat. Dry Bulb temperature: temperature of the air indicated by a normal thermometer. Wet bulb temperature: temp indicated by a thermometer with its bulb covered by a water-wetted wick exposed to the stream of air. Relative humidity: measure of water vapor in the air as percentage saturation. Dew point: is the temp in which a given sample of air has an RH of 100%.
64
What is MRT, and how does it relate to radiation?
Mean radiant temperature. Heat is gained or lost by radiation, depending on the difference of of temp between the skin and clothing and air.
65
How does load impact HVAC design?
when a system is designed, the total heat load for a space is calculated and designed accordingly. The load is the resistance that a system must overcome to accomplish the job it was designed to meet.
66
What must be considered for the design of HVAC control systems?
RH should be between 30% and 60%. Air temp and MRT should be programmed together. Tempered air is introduced near outside walls and windows to reduce the cold wall effect. Air velocity isn't important as long as it is below 50ft a minute. Short cycles of temp a humidity changes are sources of discomfort.
67
Describe the optimum indoor design conditions for temperature and humidity.
Range should be between 71F at 50% RH in winter to 76F at 50% in summer.
68
Explain benefits of zoning a building's air distribution system.
Allows for better control and varying settings between different areas of the building.
69
What are the types of internal heat loads on a building?
People load, lighting load, equipment load, system load.
70
What are the types of external heat loads on a building?
Solar loads, ventilation and infiltration loads.
71
What are elements of a good IAQ?
Adequate distribution of ventilation air, controlled airborne contaminants, acceptable temperature and RH.
72
What are the symptoms of SBS and BRI?
General discomfort, adverse reactions, or sicknesses that appear to be linked to time spent in a particular building.
73
What conditions make up the comfort zone?
Temperature, humidity, Cleanliness, freshness, motion of air without objectionable noise.
74
What is the intended design of air duct systems?
to meet standards for air capacity, air velocity, and noise intensity and to fit within the space available for installation.
75
What is the relationship among aspect ratio, duct construction, and cost?
as aspect ratio increases higher air pressures are required to deliver a given quantity of air through a duct system. This requires higher energy input to the fan. Thus ductwork should be designed with a low aspect ratio.
76
How do fire dampers help prevent the spread of fire in the duct system?
They stop air flow in the event of a fire, usually when excessive heat is detected.
77
How does air balancing affect air distribution throughout a building?
Allows for comfortable conditions to be maintained.
78
What are the four types of terminal units, and how does each control the quantity and regulate the temperature of air?
Dual-Duct (mixing boxes): receive hot air and cold air through separate supply ducts and discharge air to satisfy the space. Single duct: receive air at variable temp and then adjusted to take care of cooling load. A heating coil is used to reheat if necessary. Variable air volume (VAV): Air is kept at a low temp and the amount released to the room varies based on temp requirements. Induction terminal: contains both a heating and cooling coil.
79
What are the four common types of air distribution devices, and how do they differ?
Sidewall Grilles: an adjustable bar type. Slot diffusers: elongated outlet consisting of a single row or multiple rows of slots. Ceiling diffusers: diffuser found on the ceiling. Air-distributing ceilings: are rare and mostly used in data centers where very low air velocity is required.
80
What are two general types of fans, and how do they differ?
Centrifugal fans: draw in air at the center, push air radially outward from the center by rotation, direct air along inside perimeter of fanc casing and the discharge in open. Axial flow fans: air flows in a straight line through the impeller.
81
What are the three types of coils used in air-handler systems?
Finned-tube coils, air washers, sprayed coils/
82
What are the four classifications of air filters, and what are key characteristics of each?
Viscous impingement filters: use a course filtering medium then cover in a viscous substance, like oil. Electrostatic filters: the electrically share dust particles and collect the charged particles on metal plates. Fibrous Media Filters: use mats or blankets of cellulose or glass fiber to collect particles. Carbon filters: filter out gaseous contaminants.
83
What is the importance of ventilation, and how is it used for parking garages or other enclosed parking facilities?
must be ventilated to remove toxic fumes, in garages this is car exhaust.
84
What are the five basic groups of refrigerants?
CFCs, FCFCs, HFCs, Refrigerant blends, ammonia
85
What refrigerant has been phased out, and describe its impact on the environment and building systems.
CFCs in 1996. Partially responsible for the erosion of the ozone layer.
86
What is the role of the heat exchanger in the refrigeration cycle?
Is where cool fluid, like water, absorbs enough heat from the refrigerant for it to condense into a liquid.
87
What are the four essential components of a refrigeration system, and what are their functions?
Compressor: establishes the two pressure levels necessary for operation of the system. Condenser: rejects heat from the refrigeration system to the exterior environment. Liquid metering device or expansion valve: regulates the flow of refrigerant. Evaporator: Absorbs heat from the interior space into the refrigeration system.
88
How does the rate of evaporation relate to a system's cooling capacity?
rate of evaporation is determined by the pressure differential induced by the compressor.
89
What are the four common types of refrigeration compressors, and what doe they consist of?
Reciprocating: uses a piston that travels back and forth in a cylinder, like a car engine. Rotary: uses gears or an eccentric rotor with vanes that rotate within a cylinder. Centrifugal: uses a high speed centrifugal impeller with many blades that rotate within a housing. Helical Screw: uses positive rotary displacement.
90
List the three common varieties of condensers.
Air cooled condensers, evaporative condensers, water cooled condensers.
91
What are the two classes of cooling towers, and how do they differ?
Natural draft: depend on natural wind movements for air circulation. Mechanical draft: use one or more fans to either induce or force the air through the tower.
92
Name the types of evaporators, and how they differ.
Bare Tube: used where space temperature is maintained below 1F and frost cannot be prevented. Plate surface: used widely in refrigerators, freezers , and display cases because it can be easily cleaned and defrosted. Finned tube: is basically bare tube with fins for increased heat exchange surface area. Shell and tube: known as a chiller, is used for almost any type of liquid chilling application.
93
What makes air-to-air heat pumps different from other heat pumps, and where can this kind of heat pump be used?
mostly found in residential applications, because they are cheapest to install. Used in areas where average winter temperatures don't fall below 17F, temperate areas.
94
Describe the absorption refrigeration method of cooling.
It uses an extremely high vacuum in which water will boil at 40F.
95
What are the primary classifications of boilers?
High pressure, low pressure, and hot water.
96
Explain the requirements for the temperature and pressure of water in hot water heating systems.
The minimum pressure must be high enough to prevent water from flashing into steam. The max temp of the water should be 220F.
97
How are steam heating systems classified?
Steam flow classification, operating pressure, classifications, temperature classifications, condensate piping classifications.
98
What are the basic maintenance procedures for steam systems?
inspection for the following contaminants: scale in boiler, foaming and carryover in boilers, corrosion in boilers, sludge in boilers.
99
Describe the benefits and drawbacks of electric heating systems.
cleaner, safer, and easier to maintain. Maintenance and insurance are lower. Heat is simple to distribute and control. However, it is much more expensive.
100
What are the methods for controlling electric duct heaters?
Step controllers and rectrifiers.
101
How do solar heating systems differ?
Passive: use materials that are exposed to rays of the sun. Active: includes a mechanism to absorb solar radiation, piping or ducts to transfer energy, storage unit, and a control system.
102
What are the types of heat pump operations?
Water to Water, Air to Air, Air to Water, and Water to Air.
103
Explain the types of infrared heating systems and their applications.
Gas-fired or electric. When the goal is to heat a small area within a large open space.
104
What are the three methods used to heat outside supply air with waste heat from exhaust?
Heat Wheel, runaround coil, heat pipe.
105
Describe the function of an HVAC control system.
Controls the temperature, humidity, airflow, and air quality of the interior environment.
106
What is the purpose of sensors as part of an HVAC control system?
Are devices that transmit a signal by way of pneumatics, electronics or resistance to a control device such as a damper or valve.
107
What are the three categories of HVAC control systems?
Pneumatic control systems, electric control systems, and DDC systems.
108
How are cooling towers controlled?
Bypass control, fan control, damper control, a combination of any of these.
109
What types of air volume systems help regulate the quantity of air to ensure comfort for building occupants?
A constant air volume system, a variable air volume system.
110
Identify the evolution of Automated control system types.
Separate non automated systems, energy management systems (EMS), separate, automated systems with centralized automated monitoring, Environmental Management Systems (EMS), integrated building automation systems (BAS), Intelligent building systems (IBS)
111
What are the advantages of DDC technology over analog controls?
Direct signal reading, better control, ability to anticipate, user-friendliness.
112
Explain the roles of connectivity and interoperability in system control.
Connectivity is the ability to monitor the controls of one manufacturer from the system of another. Interoperability is when one manufacturer controls can be controlled and programed from another manufacturers system.
113
What is the demand limiting approach to electricity use?
monitors the rate of electrical consumption and starts shedding loads when usage exceeds a predefined demand limit.
114
Describe an economizer switchover cycle.
an energy saving process that discontinues the operation for the mechanical cooling system when the outdoor temperature falls below a predetermined temperature setting.
115
What are the features of direct digital control systems
Summaries, alarm reporting, time scheduling, trending, graphics, totalization.
116
What are the benefits of proper HVAC operation and maintenance?
Improved building performance and reliability, maximum facility productivity through reduced downtime, efficient use of energy and labor resources, protection of capital investment through extended equipment life, compliance with government and industry codes and regulations.
117
Identify the primary enemies of operating equipment.
Dirt, heat, wear, improperly trained service technicians.
118
Why is service technician training needed?
The cost of a major failure that is caused by improper training or operator error will far exceed the cost of training.
119
What are the differences between each of the HVAC equipment maintenance levels?
Breakdown: is when a piece of equipment is operating until it breaks down and is then replaced. Service: meets manufacturers basic maintenance recommendations with minimum level of skill. Preventative: preserves the expected performance from the equipment or system. Uses diagnostic testing.
120
What should be part of system start-up procedures, and why are these procedures important?
They should be thoroughly cleaned to remove any preservatives or debris from the system that will negatively affect performance and longevity.
121
Explain common terms associated with water chemistry.
Parts per million: a measure of the concentrations of water impurities. pH: a measure of acid or base. Conductivity: ability of water to conduct electricity. Total dissolved solids (TDS): high concentrations of dissolved solids can contribute to scale. Cycles of concentration: determines build up of TDS in water. Temperature: TDS become less soluble as temp increases.
122
What is the function of chlorides in an HVAC system?
Chlorides are used to measure cycles of concentration because they are generally soluble in boiler and chiller water.
123
What is bleedoff, and why is it improtant?
Water is continuously removed from the recirculating system to reduce the concentrated solids in the air-conditioning cooling tower.
124
What strategies may be used to minimize the effects of corrosion in an HVAC system?
Corrosion resistant materials, rust proofing coatings, sacrificial anodes, mechanical equipment to control corrosion, corrosion inhibitors, conductivity.
125
Summarize the key microbiological growth types and their impacts on an HVAC system.
Bacteria: most dangerous, health and efficiency wise. Algae: reduce system efficiency in huge algae mats. Fungi: found and feeds on carbon found in wood. Causes rot, internal and surface.
126
What key characteristics affect water pressure and flow in a plumbing system?
Velocity, water pressure, pressure drop, pipe size.
127
How do the two classifications of water flow that make up the peak demand load differ?
Constant load: regularly recurring flow of water. Intermittent load: The maximum flow that could occur at any instant. Hard to determine because people determine water usage.
128
What are the two basic pump design configurations and their characteristics?
Constant Speed Pumps: pressure is regulated to maintain a constant water speed, regardless of suction. Variable Speed Pumps: as suction pressure fluctuates a pressure controller automatically changes the pump speed.
129
What is a water hammer, and what causes it?
is a turbulent vibration and loud bang, caused when water slams into into sides/corners of plumbing because of oscillations in the pressure. Usually when valves are opened and closed rapidly.
130
What are the two basic approaches to water supply systems for buildings with inadequate instantaneous flow or water main pressure, and how do they differ?
Gravity systems: use an elevated storage tank. Constant pressure with suction tank sytem: water flows from the source into a storage tank
131
What is a noncirculating hot water system, and what applications is it used for?
consist of a single supply main in which hot water is piped from the heating source to the fixtures. Small residential buildings and in multifamily residential with a separate water heater.
132
What valves and protective devices are used for distributing and circulating domestic hot water?
High limit energy cutoffs, temperature relief valves, pressure relief valves.
133
How do the two most common types of drainage systems for buildings differ?
Sanitary drain: collects effluent from water closets, urinals, bathrubs, showers, lavatories. Storm drain: collects rain water.
134
Why is a gravity flow drainage system important in sanitary drainage systems?
these systems primarily use gravity to drain. velocity should be above 2 feet per second.
135
Why are traps and indirect waste line restrictions important?
They act as a seal between piping and outlets.
136
What are two primary types of sewage ejector pumps and their key characteristics?
Electrical pumping systems: uses motorized pumps. Pneumatic ejector: uses compressed air.
137
Before starting his building retrofit project, Rob would like to analyze the energy use in the building to reveal potential energy savings and explore the substitution of alternative systems. This process is called:
building simulation.
138
It is very expensive to maintain the aging boiler in Quentin’s building. So he adopts a hands-off strategy of _______________ maintenance with the understanding that when the equipment fails, the building owner will pay to replace it.
breakdown
139
Cameron experiences the effects of latent heat when he:
sees water droplets condensing on the outside of the soda can he took from the refrigerator and placed in his warm car.
140
In calculating their time estimation for the project, the painting crew is well-advised to consider that surface preparation generally takes _______________ percent of the project’s labor hours.
20 to 40
141
When designing curtain walls, especially in northern climates, Carla knows that it is important to consider their ability to transmit heat, measured by the _______________.
U-value
142
One of the most significantly used window joint sealants is _______________, due to its good adhesive qualities and good performance in elongation and compression.
silicone
143
Regardless of the limits that conditions in the building might impose on the slopes of the horizontal runs in the drainage systems, Marie knows that the velocity of the effluent from her buildings must not be less than the minimum velocity required to keep solids in suspension, which is _______________.
2 feet per second
144
The inspection team noted that pieces of concrete had broken off due to the pressure created by moisture that had frozen within the concrete over the past winter. This is an example of _______________.
spalling
145
Rick pays careful attention to aggregates when he evaluates concrete for use in building construction. This is because the aggregate in concrete typically constitutes _______________ percent of the concrete’s volume and has an impact on the properties of the concrete.
60 to 80
146
Elizabeth, as the building owner, opted for a(n) _______________contract, even though it required more time and cost to develop, solicit, and evaluate the bids. Given the limited funds she has available for the project, she chose this type of contract because it requires firm assurance of final cost and minimum follow-up on her part. It also provides maximum incentive to the contractor for the quickest completion of the project at the lowest cost.
lump sum
147
Victoria is in charge of the selection and installation of rooftop HVAC equipment for a building downtown. To ensure the roofing membrane is accessible for any repairs or replacement it will need in the future, she should provide adequate _______________ beneath the HVAC equipment.
clearance
148
Nicky needs to repair a refrigeration system’s _______________, as it is no longer regulating the flow of refrigerant.
liquid metering device
149
Of the five types of all-air HVAC systems, the design engineer wants to install a singleduct, constant-volume, variable-temperature system because it has all of the following advantages except:
low installation costs.
150
Regina wants ducts in the shape that is least expensive to fabricate and easiest to install for the high-velocity HVAC system in her building. So the design engineer suggests _______________ sections.
round
151
While researching air filters for the air-conditioning systems in her building, Gina identified that of the four classifications of filters, _______________ filters will work well to help combat the dust particles from the air, using coated collector plates to prevent dirt re-entering the air-circulating system.
electrostatic
152
Paul explained to a new facilities manager that cooling towers are divided into two classes according to the method of:
air circulation.
153
Terry just learned of a distinctive refrigeration process that does not use compression. These are called either ammonia or lithium bromide _______________ systems.
absorption
154
Janet ensures that solvents are used, stored, and disposed of in an appropriate manner in her building in order to avoid the combination of flammable materials and a heat source posing a(n) _______________ hazard.
autoignition
155
Madeline is committed to managing the effects of internal heat loads in her office building by maintaining the performance of the HVAC system. She knows that these loads include the heat from systems, people, lighting, and:
equipment
156
Aware of the need for a radiation shield in rooms in a medical office building containing X-ray equipment, Chris recommends that _______________ be used in the construction of the walls.
lead
157
Danny has researched control systems for his HVAC equipment. He’s decided to install a(n) _______________ control system, which uses electronic technology to detect, amplify, and evaluate sensor information.
direct digital
158
Tim’s building owner was impressed by the _______________ energy and money-saving feature of HVAC control. When the outdoor air temperature falls below 60°F, the mechanical cooling system’s operation is stopped.
economizer switchover cycle
159
Over the years she’s worked as a facilities manager, Rachel has learned that the _______________ desirable temperature for water systems with direct space heat transfer equipment is 220°F when operated at minimum pressure.
maximum
160
The architectural design committee chose a(n) _______________ type of curtain wall when renovating their old concrete building, since it is an attractive, proprietary system with total installation provided by the manufacturer.
exterior insulation finish system
161
A real estate developer purchased a building and site near a local college. He had the building razed and replaced with a new one in hopes of attracting leases from various college departments. This is an example of _______________ development.
speculative
162
As traffic is anticipated to be light around the office park where Ron’s building is located, the interior designer recommended he use _______________ vinyl wall covering instead of a thicker type.
type I
163
As the facilities manager, Richard understands that the plumbing systems are vital to the operation of his building and the health of its occupants. As such, he has familiarized himself with _______________, which is the loss of energy in flowing water or head pressure plus the turbulence caused by friction between the water and the pipe.
pressure drop
164
Brad needs an air-water system for his building park. His design engineer recommends an induction unit as it has all the following advantages except:
high energy efficiency.
165
George’s building has previously been commissioned; however, he is having the systems checked and retested against the checklists and procedures used during the commissioning process. This process of revisiting the building’s systems at regular intervals is referred to as _______________.
recommissioning
166
Sally manages a small retail space in a desert location. Even though it gets cold at times, she realizes she would be unwise to use a(n):
water-to-air heat pump.
167
Richard keeps zoning codes in mind when designing buildings. That is because these codes control a building’s height, mass, and _______________.
use
168
Insulating the attic is a challenging task for Carl because of its awkward shape. He elects to use _______________ insulation so he can blow it on the area to be insulated.
sprayed-on
169
Bruce has determined that the transportation of piles for construction of his building would be a problem. As the building engineer, he is best advised to consider all of the following for concrete piling except:
precast piles.
170
Christine, who is an engineer, recommended a(n) _______________ceiling system for a brewery, as the owners are looking for added height, drama, and exposed ducts.
open
171
When used as recommended, proper lubricants can help to prevent _______________ on the moving parts associated with HVAC operating equipment.
wear
172
Foaming makes it too hard for Patrick to determine if the water level in his building’s boiler is correct or not. To reduce foaming, Patrick should:
add silicone and ethoxylated-alcohol to the boiler water.
173
A combination steel and concrete framing approach will be used in the building Rhonda is constructing. The advantages of steel for construction include all of the following except its _______________.
low fireproofing costs
174
Louis knows that the membrane, perimeter walls, and metal accessories on the roof of the office building he is retrofitting each expand and contract at different rates. Hoping to avoid a break in the waterproof membrane as a result of the forces of expansion, Louis plans to _______________ these roofing components.
isolate
175
Mike has received several tenant calls complaining of excessive noise in the walls. He has identified the pipes as the source of the noise and determined that they have developed water hammer. Water hammer is caused by the:
sudden opening or closing of valves.
176
Jake would like to install _______________ flooring materials in his factory. This type of flooring has some give under impact and will be less tiring to his employees who spend a significant amount of time standing.
resilient
177
Design plans for Catherine’s building call for a small application HVAC system. Since there is an emphasis on keeping noise levels to a minimum, which type of centrifugal fan has lower speeds and is, therefore, most appropriate?
forward curve
178
Of all the kinds microbes that Kelly works to prevent from growing in her building’s cooling system, _______________ have the potential to cause the most damage.
bacteria
179
When she needs to review the written descriptions of every component of the building her team is designing, Ashley’s best choice is to look at the _______________.
specifications
180
It is important to Helen that the materials comprising the flat roof on the building she is designing are flexible, elastic, resistant to ozone and ultraviolet rays, have few visible seams, and are cost-effective and easy to repair. Thus, she determines the building should have a _______________ roof.
single-ply membrane
181
Maria does not plan on using plastics in the construction of the building she is designing. This is because some plastics break down when exposed to:
ultraviolet rays.
182
When Craig realizes that that RH of the office building he manages is_______________, he knows he must make a change to improve occupant comfort.
70 percent
183
A development company is looking to build a retail space in a growing suburb. The company will need to complete a needs assessment in order to analyze its _______________ requirements for the building.
space
184
After the contract was awarded and signed by both parties, the general contractor sent a written request to Rita, the building owner, for clarification on some of the terms found in the contract’s documents. This is a request for _______________.
information
185
_______________, a feature of direct digital control systems, contains detailed information about specific aspects of the facility and its systems, such as a list of all monitored equipment and variables with their current status.
Summaries
186
Fran, an interior designer, told her clients that if they would like to install carpet, for the best wear they should choose one with close rows of yarn and a:
shorter pile.
187
