Business Management Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
How are “mission statements and vision statements similar?
A
“Mission statements and vision statements are similar in that they are both intended to clarify the objectives of the organization.”
2
Q
What is a mission statement?
A
“mission statement is only intended to define the broad mission an organization is attempting to carry out on a daily basis.”
3
Q
Why are mission statements important?
A
“A mission statement is a declaration of the reason an organization exists. This is important in determining standards, values, strategies, and other organizational aspects and serves as a guideline for establishing the processes to achieve goals. ”
4
Q
What is a “vision statement”?
A
“A vision statement is intended to define the specific goals an organization hopes to achieve in the future.”
5
Q
Why is a “vision Statement” important?
A
“A vision statement is a declaration of the goals the organization wishes to achieve at some future point, which is important in designing and implementing the strategies necessary to meet those goals.”
6
Q
What are the two main operational structures used?
A
organic and mechanistic.
7
Q
What are the characterisc of a mechanistic structure?
A
“ A mechanistic structure is any structure in which the operations of an organization are extremely well regulated and defined. Mechanistic structures are usually centralized, have a large number of departments, have a large number of managers with very limited spans of control, have an extensive chain-of-command, are extremely formalized with a large number of policies and procedures, and usually have a large number of extremely specialized tasks.”
8
Q
What are the characterisc of a organic structure?
A
“An organic structure, on the other hand, is any structure in which an organization is loosely regulated and possibly less defined. Organic structures are usually decentralized, have a small number of departments, have a small number of managers with each assigned a large span-of-control, have a short chain-of- command, have virtually no formalization so that only basic policies and procedures are established and usually have fewer specialized tasks than mechanistic structures.”
9
Q
“As a result, the specific type of structure that is best suited for a particular organization can vary depending on the specific situation. If an organization wants or needs to maintain control of the individual processes and tasks that are performed by the various parts of the organization and the organization is in a business environment that is relatively stable, then it may be wise for the organization to use which structure? .
A
to use a structure that is more mechanistic.”
10
Q
“If the organization is in a business environment in which it needs to implement changes frequently and/or creativity is essential to the its success, then which structure should the organization use?
A
then it may want to use a structure that is more organic.
11
Q
“However, regardless of whether an organization is primarily mechanistic or primarily organic, it is impossible for an organization to be completely mechanistic or organic, as each organization needs some combination of the two operational structures in order to continue functioning.” True or False
A
True
12
Q
How does a bill become Law?
A
“The process of creating a new law begins with a bill being introduced by either the Senate or the House of Representatives. The bill is then referred to a committee that determines if the bill should be considered further by a subcommittee, considered further by the entire floor of the House or Senate, or if the bill should be ignored. If the bill reaches the floor of the House or Senate, the bill is debated and a vote is taken to pass or defeat the bill. If the bill is passed in the Senate, then the bill is passed on to the House to be considered in the same way and vice versa. After both the House and Senate have approved a particular bill, the bill is sent on to the president to be signed into law. However, the president can veto the bill (refuse to sign it into law), or the bill may be returned to congress. It will become law automatically if the president ignores it for 10 days while Congress is in session. It will die automatically if it is ignored until after Congress is out of session.”
13
Q
What are the three common ways an HR professional can influence upcoming legislation?
A
“the three most common methods are by : mail:“To influence legislation by mail, a formal letter can be sent to an “elected official such as a state senator, a congressman or congresswoman, a local mayor, etc.” Elected Officials:“To influence legislation through meetings, a meeting should be scheduled with an elected official or a member of his or her staff to discuss the issue of concern.” or by lobbying:“To influence legislation by lobbying, members of similar organizations, possibly even competitors within the same industry, should be found and the entire group should express their opinions to an appropriate elected official by mail or in person.”
14
Q
What are the responsibilities an organization to its employees, consumers, investors, and to society, in general?
A
“These responsibilities include abiding laws and regulations, adopting socially and ethically accepted business practices, reporting fully and honestly, and adding overall value.”
15
Q
Explain the organization’s governance process?
A
“is the established policies and procedures designed to meet those responsibilities. The process is directed by the board of directors, or equivalent governing body, and executive management. However, since the responsibilities are mostly ethical obligations, the success of the governing process hinges in the organization’s ethical climate. Thus, the need exists for organizations to encourage ethical values. ”
16
Q
“The interactive and structural configuration—such as hierarchical or matrix formats—of personnel within an organization that are used by management to influence the behaviors, culture, and objective outcomes of the organization itself. ”
A
Corporate Governance
17
Q
What is included in the Corporate Governance Framework?
A
“The oversight of corporate governance thus requires framework considerations such as roles, responsibilities, and human resources to objectively monitor effectiveness and change the governance structure as needed.”
18
Q
Organization is governed by what and why?
A
“How an organization is governed is often a result of the culture within its ranks. Norms such as rules, policies, SOPs, business systems, quality systems, and modes of communication can all influence how governance is executed and in turn how effective management can be”
19
Q
· Create a code of corporate conduct and ethics so that all members of the firm know what behaviors are expected of them. · Create a policy detailing how leaders and employees will be trained on the code, how any code violations should be reported, how whistle“blowers will be protected, how issues will be investigated, what consequences violators will face, and how reports will be tracked and documented. · Ensure that leaders and board members uphold their fiduciary responsibility and always act with the best interests of the company in mind. · Help spearhead or support environmental initiatives like reducing consumption and waste or using more eco-friendly supplies. What is the above used for? · Help spearhead or support activities that attempt to solve societal problems like poverty or a lack of access to clean water.”
A
Used to create Effective corporate citizenship and governance system —through HR
20
Q
“the practice of exchanging information, data, ideas, and opinions.”
A
Communication
21
Q
“There are many models that depict complex”
A
Communication processes
22
Q
Almost all communications will includes what?
A
“he sender or source chooses, creates, and encodes the message. The receiver decodes and interprets the message. In between, the message must be transmitted through some communication channel or medium like phone, text, email, video, or broadcast. Communication messages often pass through noise barriers such as environmental sounds, people speaking, traffic, and construction. Removing these barriers can decrease instances of misunderstanding and confusion. Feedback allows the model to be interchangeable, allowing for communication to flow both ways.”
23
Q
“Delivering messages can be difficult, especially if the context is serious in nature. The message content should be tailored to fit the audience. This requires understanding the roles, expectations, and perspective of recipients. ” How can this be accomplished?
A
“First, focus on eliminating any barriers or vague wording that may interfere with interpreting the message. Once the proper channel for delivery is selected, it may be important to focus on nonverbal signals and ensure that they coincide with the mood of the message content. Finally, messages should allow for feedback that will lead to follow-up discussions. If the message is complex in nature, such as a business change or new benefits offering, it may be critical to share repeated reminders and have open lines of communication to reduce confusion and ensure success.”
24
Q
Is an important component of communication that requires paying close attention to what is being said. What is this?
A
Active Listening
25
“It often involves making eye contact and appropriately nodding to show engagement. To gain a better understanding, try to understand things from the speaker’s point of view, or visualize what he or she is saying. It is important to be considerate, avoid distractions or interruptions, and respond appropriately. Additionally, try to pick up on emotional cues beyond the literal words that are used. Even if the message differs from your own opinion, try to focus on accepting what the other person has to say rather than being critical. Make sure to fully hear what the other person is saying before formulating your own response. What is this an example of?
When compared to passive listeners, it has been noted that active listeners are more connected and conscientious.” Active listening
26
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be written or verbal and should be based upon factual data. Although the process can be emotional, it’s important that ________ be constructive in nature, detailing the quality of someone’s performance or conduct without judging on a personal level.”
Feedback
27
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ should be delivered in a timely, consistent, and positively framed manner. If _______ can be used to give advice or to provide clarity. If disciplinary, the \_\_\_\_should also include required improvements to be made and potential consequences for not meeting the standard.”
1. effective feedback 2. Informal Feedback 3. Feedback
28
“When receiving \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, take the time to carefully consider it and implement it as appropriate. The most important thing to remember about _______ is why it’s being given: to facilitate an improvement.”
Feedback
29
This “can be used to investigate ideas, opinions, and concerns.”
Focus Group
30
“\_\_\_\_\_can be beneficial for clarifying supplemental research because they are relatively timely and inexpensive”
Focus Groups
31
How do you execute a focus group effectively?
“The topic and objectives of the group should be clearly defined before potential participants are identified. Participants should be notified that their identities will be anonymous and that all information will be confidential. Once a pool of participants has been selected and separated into groups, a trained facilitator should be chosen, and a guide of discussion questions should be constructed. Most studies will contain three to 10 focus groups, each with five to 12 voluntary participants. A private location is ideal, and many discussions will last approximately 90 minutes. Finally, all collected information will be analyzed and reported.”
32
There are three core elements to a successful staff meeting, what are they?
“1) invite all attendees to share a little, 2) focus on the group and any outcomes that might need adjustment or improvement, and 3) allow time for feedback in the decision-making process.”
33
Why are staff meeting good?
“Staff meetings are an excellent way to increase organizational communication and alignment, offering an open floor for staff to give feedback on recent messages or events. They are also a low-budget way to promote staff recognition, wellness programs, employee referral programs, and employee surveys. Moreover, staff meetings have a history of improving productivity, workplace conflicts, team synergy, and employee relations.”
34
What needs to be considered what setting up a staff meeting?
“Moreover, staff meetings have a history of improving productivity, workplace conflicts, team synergy, and employee relations. It is important to consider religious holidays when scheduling staff meetings, seminars, or training events. For example, staff meetings scheduled on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Passover, Rosh Hashanah, or Yom Kippur might have low attendance.”
35
Communication can be transmitted through a wide variety of channels or media, what are they?
Phone, email, face-to-face, reports, presentations, or social media. The method that you choose should fit both the audience and the type of communication.”
36
include phone, videoconferencing, and face-to-face meetings or presentations ---what is this called?
“ Information-rich communication channels” Used if selling a product or service. This is because information-rich media are more interactive, which is more appropriate for complex messages that may need clarification. Rich and verbal communications should be used when there is time urgency, immediate feedback is required, ideas can be simplified with explanations, or emotions may be affected.”
37
include email, fliers, newsletters, or reports---what is this called?
Information-lean channels, “Lean and written communications should be used when you are simply stating facts or need information permanently recorded.”
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ between employees and management will often allow employees to have more input in decision-making and ultimately allow employees to become more involved in operations as a whole.
1. Strategies encouraging communication 2.However, this does not necessarily mean that every strategy is both a communication strategy and an involvement strategy.”
39
“It is possible for a particular strategy to be used as both a communication strategy and an involvement strategy because, in many situations, the amount of employee involvement within an organization is closely related to the amount of employee communication. ” True or False
True
40
“ In fact, a strategy allowing a manager to communicate important information to employees without allowing each employee to respond to or discuss the information may be considered a communication“strategy, but it cannot be considered an involvement strategy. ” True or false
TRUE
41
“At the same time, a strategy allowing an individual to have more control over a particular task may be an involvement strategy without being a communication strategy, as it does not necessarily encourage an individual to communicate.” True or False
TRUE
42
“· Delegating authority refers to an employee involvement strategy in which an organization grants an individual the power to make decisions related to position. This strategy allows an individual to become more involved in the organization by allowing certain decisions to be made without receiving permission. · An employee survey, also known as a climate survey, is an employee involvement strategy in which an organization gathers information about the priorities and concerns of employees by having them fill out and submit a form. · A suggestion program is an employee involvement strategy in which an organization gathers ideas about how to control or eliminate problems by allowing employees to submit anonymous ideas. Suggestion programs usually use suggestion boxes, voice mail, etc. · A committee, in this context, is a group of employees within an organization who work together to make decisions related to a particular concern of the organization. Employees may be assigned to a committee temporarily or permanently depending on the concern or activity the committee is designed to handle. · An employee-management committee, also referred to as an employee participation group, is a group of employees who work with the supervisors and managers to make decisions related to a particular concern[…]” What is this based on ?
Involement strategies
43
“· A brown-bag lunch program is an employee involvement strategy in which an informal meeting is organized to discuss various concerns and issues. Brown-bag lunches are usually organized to take place “during lunch to allow managers and employees to discuss issues and concerns in a relaxed setting. · A department meeting is a formal gathering in which the employees, supervisors, and managers of a particular department discuss the various concerns and issues affecting that particular department. Department meetings usually take place on a regular basis. · Town hall meetings, also known as all-hands staff meetings, are formal meetings in which all of the employees, supervisors, and managers within an organization attend a formal assembly to distribute and receive important information about the organization. Town hall meetings are usually conducted in a similar fashion to a large lecture and may or may not allow for effective two-way communication. · An open-door policy is an employee involvement/communication strategy in which employees are encouraged to share information or suggestions with managers or supervisors by assuring them they will not be adversely affected by what they say. Open-door policies are designed to establish effective communication between managers, supervisors, and employees by removing barriers preventing or discouraging the discussion of important issues with supervisors or managers. The primary advantage of an open-door policy is that it allows the organization to identify problems[…]”
Communication strategies
44
Can come in many forms within the workplace. Most employees appreciate it when management is ________ with information, such as health-care costs and pay rates, or future changes, such as mergers or acquisitions on the horizon. ___________ may also be a tool for removing obstacles to diversity. Being \_\_\_\_\_and openly communicating with staff during decision-making processes can also build employee trust and be leveraged as a recruiting or retention tool. The Internet provides job seekers with ______ information about a company’s culture, benefits, average pay, and interview process.”
Transparency; transparent
45
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is vital in human resources practices. Maintaining the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- of all employee records is imperative. This may include social security numbers, birth dates, addresses, phone numbers, email, benefits enrollment, medical or leave details, earnings history, garnishments, bank account information, disciplinary action, grievances, and employment eligibility data. When employee record information is requested for legitimate purposes, a written release signed by the employee should be obtained and kept on file. Examples of these requests might include bank loans, mortgage applications, or employment verification. Companies should also consider implementing __________ or\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ so employees are aware that databases, client lists, and other proprietary information must be protected and sharing these records will have serious consequences.” Excerpt From: PHR Exam Secrets Test Prep Team. “PHR Exam Secrets Study Guide:.” Apple Books. https://books.apple.com/us/book/phr-exam-secrets-study-guide/id577932615
1. Confidentiality 2.Non-disclosure
46
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is similar to confidentiality. It provides staff or participants the ability to partake in activities __________ without their names being provided. Employers may have employees take a survey or evaluate their managers under _________ to eliminate any fear of retaliation. Individuals may also report a complaint or immoral practice, such as harassment, to management and request _________ so they are able to remain nameless. However, these complaints should be carefully investigated before being acted upon to ensure legitimacy.”
Anonymity: anonymously
47
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_comes from developing and sticking to an internal code of ethics that deems what is right and what is wrong. It is strengthened by choosing thoughts and actions that are based upon an individual’s moral principles and personal values, as opposed to personal gain or popularity. Some values of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_might include character traits like honesty, trustworthiness, kindness, courageousness, respect, and loyalty. Some examples of _________ might include: helping an elderly neighbor with yard work or home repairs, even when it might not be convenient. It is these behaviors that develop an individual’s ___________ and reputation. The stronger one’s sense of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the less likely he or she is to succumb to corruption.
Personal Integrity
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves choosing actions that adhere to moral principles and an internal code of ethics. It originates from an individual’s values of right or wrong and leads to behaviors that are honest, fair, kind, courageous, and respectful. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-avoids corruption or any potential conflicts of interest and develops professional credibility. It is also the proven virtue and quality of possessing high professional standards. _________ and character have received increasing attention following corruption headlines about Jimmy “yard work or home repairs, even when it might not be convenient. It is these behaviors that develop an individual’s _________ and reputation. The stronger one’s sense of personal integrity, the less likely he or she is to succumb to corruption.”
Professional Integrity
49
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves choosing actions that adhere to moral principles and an internal code of ethics. It originates from an individual’s values of right or wrong and leads to behaviors that are honest, fair, kind, courageous, and respectful. ____________ avoids corruption or any potential conflicts of interest and develops professional credibility. It is also the proven virtue and quality of possessing high professional standards. _____________ and character have received increasing attention following corruption headlines about Jimmy Hoffa, Enron, Bernie Madoff, and even Martha Stewart. Moreover, leaders who demonstrate unyielding ___________ frequently have a greater following of employees and customers.”
Professional integrity
50
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ensure that business is conducted in accordance with rules, legal regulations, and industry standards of practice. Additionally, an ________ makes moral judgments based on fundamental\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that are rooted in their personal character, not based on a situation’s potential gains. ”
1.Ethics and compliance officers; 2.Agent: 3.ethical principles
51
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_occur when a corporation or individual is faced with a conflict of interest or actions that are blatantly wrong, deceptive, or may have uncertain consequences. Many _____ value profit over moral principles. ”
Ethical Dilemmas Ethical conflicts
52
“Over the past few decades, ethics and business conduct have received increasing attention that has led to more stringent __________ like the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ”
compliance regulations Sarbanes-oxley act
53
“A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_occurs when someone with a responsibility to act in the best interest of the company may also be in the position to derive personal benefit at the expense of the company. ” What are examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
conflict of interest: “Some examples include: utilizing company resources for personal financial gain; forming relationships or obligations that compromise objectivity when conducting duties; disclosing company information to interfere with bidding, negotiating, or contracting; exerting influence in business transactions that benefit the individual or a relative; traveling at vendors’ or customers’ expense; or accepting gifts, services, or favors from company stakeholders. Conflicts of interest should be avoided. Clear policies should be in place, and all employees should be held to them.” 5
54
“With technology now a part of every business transaction, it is essential that companies and employees adhere to strict \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.” Excerpt From: PHR Exam Secrets
confidentiality practices and privacy principles
55
On the other hand, companies should consider implementing ________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_agreements so employees are aware that databases, client lists, and other proprietary information must be protected and that the sharing of these records externally is strictly prohibited.
confidentiality or nondisclosure
56
“A ________ is a set of behavioral rules rooted in moral standards, laws, and best practices that a company develops, adopts, and communicates to employees.”
code of conduct
57
How to maintain a code of conduct?
“It outlines expected behavior as well as defines what behavior won’t be tolerated. The document should also state what disciplinary actions employees could face if they violate the code.” “Employee involvement in the development of a code of conduct will lead to greater employee buy-in and adherence. The code should be written in ambiguous language that can be applied to specific situations as they arise. Upon finalization, the code should be shared with all employees. Employees should then be required to sign a document acknowledging receipt and understanding of the new code.”
58
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_are software systems that contain employee profiles, workforce features, and reporting tools. Modules of an _____ encompass many necessary modules including applicant tracking, time and attendance, payroll, benefits“ld be held to them “administration, and performance management”
Human resources information systems (HRIS) ; HRIS
59
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_integrate features that might include document management, ways to provide policies or benefits summaries access, budgeting and forecasting, applicant tracking, succession planning, as well as engagement and retention tools throughout the entire length of employment. ”
Human capital management (HCM) systems
60
How is HRIS and HCM the same?
“Some also include learning and development modules. Both types of systems provide the benefit of employee self-service options that allow employees to take ownership of administrative tasks like updating personal information or compliance reporting.”
61
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_are used to summarize data that has been collected. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_- can measure central tendency, dispersion, variability, frequency distribution, and proportions. The most common numerical _________ is the average or mean”
Descriptive statistics
62
“the ______ is the value of data that occurs most frequently. Other forms of descriptive statistics include frequency count, range, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient.”
Mode
63
What is the order Descriptive statistics are gathers?
“First the data is collected through primary methods such as surveys, observations, or experiments. Then, the data is analyzed or characterized by variable and presented using graphs or charts, such as the histogram. As samples get larger, the sample distribution often begins to appear more like the population distribution, which may result in a bell-shaped curve.”
64
“A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the relationship between two variables. There can be a positive relationship or a negative relationship.”
correlation
65
“The strength of this relationship, or the ____________ is reflected as a range from –1.0 to 0 for negative correlations and 0 to 1.0 for positive correlations. The numbers closer to 0 represent a weaker relationship, whereas the numbers closer to –1.0 or 1.0 represent a stronger relationship.”
correlation coefficient,
66
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is another statistical measurement that is used to find relationships among a set of variables. It is frequently used for predicting and forecasting.”
Regression analysis
67
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ estimates or predicts the unknown values of one variable (dependent variable, labeled as Y) from the known or fixed value of another variable (independent variable, labeled as X). ”
Regression analysis
68
“When there is only one independent variable to consider, as\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is used.”
linear regression
69
“When there is more than one independent variable to consider, a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used. Regression analysis is also used to recognize which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable and to what degree.”
multiple regression
70
“There can be a in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_which the line moves upward from the bottom left to the upper right. ”
positive relationship
71
“There can be a ,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in which the line moves downward from the upper right to the bottom left. Finally, there can be __________ in which plots are scattered all over.”
negative relationship; no relationship
72
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_refers to the consistency of a particular measure. A research tool is said to be\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ if it produces consistent and repeatable measures every time.
Reliability; reliable or example, measuring tapes and stopwatches provide consistent and reliable measures. Surveys should be reliable if the questions are clear and straightforward, but ambiguous questions might return unreliable results.”
73
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to whether an instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to be measuring. The _______ of a survey may be more difficult to interpret.
Validity For example, can a survey accurately measure company commitment or employee satisfaction? For an instrument to be deemed as valid, it needs to go through and pass rigorous statistical testing.”
74
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_involves drawing conclusions from data sets with the goal of answering a question and spurring meaningful action. Data can be qualitative or quantitative.”
Data interpretation
75
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is descriptive and focuses on categorizing concepts based on making observations, conducting interviews, or reviewing documents.”
Qualitative data
76
“\_\_\_\_\_\_on the other hand, involves a numerical, statistics-driven approach, in which data is derived from surveys and other quantifiable media.
Quantitative data,
77
“When human resource professionals present a business case to senior leadership, they must show a compelling need for the allocation of resources that they’re requesting. They can accomplish this by incorporating relevant data into their business case. For example, if human resources wants to hire an additional maintenance technician per shift, they should include things like the average machine downtime (and the resulting cost of lost productivity) and how long the average repair ticket stays open. Additionally, human resources could add more descriptive data in the form of complaints from production management and current maintenance staff, who are experiencing major disruptions in productivity or are feeling overworked, respectively.” What is an this an example of?
“Using Data to Support a Business Case”
78
“Many change efforts struggle to produce _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_Although initial goals may be met, the ability to stick to the efforts or behaviors needed to prolong the success proves to be more difficult.”
lasting and sustainable results.
79
“\_\_\_\_\_\_ argued that change would not occur without a feeling of loss or pain to motivate it and that people will continue old patterns of behavior unless they feel a need for change. He also noted that those initiating and supporting organizational change should be perceived as trustworthy facilitators. ”
Gene Dalton
80
“Dalton developed four __________ to support change efforts: generalized goals → specific objectives, former social ties → new relationships, self-doubt → heightened self-esteem, and external motives for change → internal motive for change.”
focus areas
81
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_of change describes three stages planning for : what are the three?
Kurt Lewin’s theory : unfreezing, change, and refreezing:
82
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the first step. It occurs when current values, attitudes, and behaviors are challenged, and people understand the need for change”
Unfreezing
83
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs during the action phase, whereby the situation is examined, and a new equilibrium is created. People develop new values, attitudes, or patterns of behaviors.”
Change
84
“ ________ is the final step in which the change is stabilized, and new patterns are solidified. Refreezing requires that people experience positive consequences to strengthen their continuing commitment to the change process.”
Refreezing
85
“The McKinsey 7-S Model is frequently used in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.”
strategic planning and change management
86
“The model is founded on the principle that each company has seven _______ or key factors.”
elements
87
“1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_—plan for competitive advantage and growth regarding business, products, and markets 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_—structure of reporting hierarchy 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_—everyday procedures and processes 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_values—core concepts and work ethic, organizational mission, and goals 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_—leadership approach and operational culture 6. \_\_\_\_\_\_employee development and empowerment 7. \_\_\_\_\_\_—competencies and capabilities”
1. strategy 2. structure 3. systems 4. shared 5. style 6. staff 7. skills
88
“John Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model identifies eight steps for implementing effective change: What are they?
“1. Create a sense of urgency—examine the competitive market, identify threats or opportunities, articulate importance of speed, and make the case for change. 2. Build a guiding coalition—establish support from executives, and design a group with credibility and power to lead change efforts.” “3. Develop a shared vision and strategy—create a plan to direct change efforts, and develop success metrics. 4. Communicate the change vision—readily and persistently communicate the new vision and strategy from the top down. 5. Empower action—eliminate obstacles, systems, or structures that undermine the new idea, and reward creativity. 6. Generate short-term wins—recognize and reward visible improvements in performance. 7. Capitalize on momentum—take advantage of small wins, reinvite those who have resisted, and become reenergized. 8. Make the change stick—continue to encourage new behaviors and leadership development. ”
89
“\_\_\_\_\_\_ is support or endorsement for something. In the case of change, leadership _____ is critical. Often, their support is necessary to get the change movement started because they may need to approve the use of resources or major modifications to business operations.”
BUY-IN
90
What is important about Buy-ins?
“If the change requires their endorsement, and they will not give it, then the change is defeated before it can get started. Additionally, leadership buy-in is necessary to champion the change across the organization. If the leaders believe in the effort, they can communicate their enthusiasm for it and model the new desired behavior, making it easier for the change to take root.”
91
“One useful way to approach organizational change activities is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_”
action research model.
92
“Once a problem has been identified, there are six basic steps that follow: what are they?
“data gathering, feedback of data to the target group, data discussions and diagnosis, action planning, action, and recycling”
93
“\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves collecting information about the problem from sources such as observations, interviews, surveys, and archived data. ”
Data gathering
94
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_to a target group involves making the gathered data openly available and sharing it with a group through presentations.”
Feedback of data
95
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and diagnosis involve a roundtable conversation and analysis by the target group to diagnose a root cause and to explore alternatives or viable solutions.”
Data discussions
96
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves creating a plan to “ment solutions, which may require outside parties. Action involves the execution of new changes”
Action planning
97
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_involves reviewing and repeating the processes to ensure problems do not reoccur. ”
recycling
98
Talk about employee engagment:
“For changes to be implemented successfully, the employees need to embrace them (or at least understand them). This can be accomplished by engaging them in the change process and ensuring that they remain engaged overall as employees. Engaging them in the change process includes asking for and using their feedback (when possible) before, during, and after the change. Doing this shows that the organization values their opinion and places an importance on collaboration and transparency. When employees can help shape the change, they are far more likely to go along with it. Additionally, when employees are truly engaged at work, they will have an easier time adapting to change (even if unpleasant) because of their strong emotional commitment to the company.”
99
“Provide clear communication to employees and all stakeholders as early as possible. Keep communications simple, and explain both the necessity and the timeline for the change. Let employees know what will be staying the same and proactively counter any negative reactions that can be anticipated. Develop opportunities for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
two-way communications.” “This provides employees with the chance to ask questions. Then, repeat communications, and explain how employees will be kept informed throughout the process to manage expectations. Finally, have leadership get involved to advocate for the change, and lead by example to keep morale high.”
100
Talk about removing barriers:
“Human resource practitioners must be cognizant of any barriers to organizational change. Change actions can be thwarted by barriers such as staff attitudes or behaviors that discourage implementing new ideas, insufficient skills or technologies, and distances or obstacles between formal structures. These barriers can be eliminated by regularly communicating the rationale and timeline of the change, implementing new training programs or technologies,“involving employee advocates in decision-making processes, and welcoming feedback from all levels.”
101
“Ensuring Change Management Is Successful and Avoiding Failures These tactics are recommended to accomplish a successful change effort:”
“· Have a change sponsor lead the initiative. · Communicate a clear need for the change. · Create a shared vision of the organization post change. · Rally commitment or request participation from all involved. · Integrate past systems, structures, policies, and procedures into the new normal. · Monitor progress and benchmark results against other successful companies. · Make change sustainable by having a clear plan and rewarding desired behavior”
102
“Some important reasons that change efforts fail include the following:”
“· Change was not strategically aligned with organizational goals or mission. · Change was not communicated meaningfully or was perceived as a superficial, quick fix. · Change was unrealistic given the current economic and political environment. · Change leaders were inadequate or lacked the necessary commitment. · Measurable goals and timelines were not established. · Resistance to the change thwarted change efforts.”
103
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_might include internal forces such as new technology, desire for alternative work schedules, and new knowledge or values as well as environmental factors such as competition, customer demand, and available resources.”
Driving forces of change
104
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_change might include individual resistance, such as fear of the unknown or distrust of management, and organizational resistance, such as systems, relationships, or threat to power structure. Furthermore, additional time will be needed based upon the more uncertainty and complexity there is surrounding the change”
Forces resisting
105
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a gradual improvement to create more efficient functions.”
Developmental change
106
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a slow evolution toward new processes, products, or structure. \_\_\_\_\_\_is the most radical upheaval and paradigm change to organizational structure that works best when planned in advance and is implemented gradually and systematically.”
Transactional change:
107
“The most common include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_individual personality, dyads, groups, work teams, all organizational divisions, organizational structure, and organizational strategy. Individual personality, dyads, groups, and work teams all focus on targeting employee relationships.”
targets of organizational change. “Interventions that target employee behavior are designed to a change strategy that eliminates conflicts and improves effectiveness. Targeting and designing change to all organizational divisions, organizational strategy, or organizational structure are often needs based due to lack of coordination, cooperation, cohesiveness, division of labor, departmentalization, span of control, eliminating product lines, or mergers and acquisitions.”
108
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_refers to the process of identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ while developing strategies to protect the financial interests of a company. ”
Risk management risks or potential uncertainties “Risks or potential uncertainties may include workplace safety, workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance, security, loss prevention, health and wellness, data management, privacy protection, project failures, and contingency planning. Depending upon the size of the company or severity of the threat, some or all of these areas might be assigned to human resources. The underlying goal of risk management is to mitigate the costs of these uncertainties as much as possible.”
109
What are the types of Risks:
“· Hazard risk involves potential liability or loss of property and is generally mitigated by insurance. Workplace accidents, fires, and natural disasters are examples of risk that fall into this category. · Financial risk involves potential negative impacts to a firm’s cash flow. A major customer not paying invoices on time is an example of this type of risk. · Operational risk involves the impact to a firm’s ability to function effectively and may include technology failures, process breakdowns, and human error. · Strategic risk involves a firm’s plans becoming outdated due to shifts in the economy, politics, customer demographics, or the overall competitive landscape.”
110
“Risk assessments are a critical element of risk management. A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_will allow the business to assign actual dollar amounts to each risk based on value, exposure, single loss expectancy, annualized rate of occurrence, and annualized loss expectancy.”
quantitative risk assessment
111
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is measured when a value is placed on each asset, and the percentage of loss is determined for each acknowledged threat.”
Single loss expectancy
112
“The ________ can be calculated by multiplying the single loss occurrence and the annualized rate of occurrence. In these calculations, potential loss amounts are used to consider if implementing a security measure is necessary. Qualitative risk assessment, on the other hand, does not assign a defined monetary value to the risk. It uses descriptive statements to describe the potential impact of a risk, which can include a general reference to financial loss. For example, a major system breach would result in customer data being compromised, severe damage to the firm’s reputation, and a significant financial blow to the organization due to handling the crisis, shoring up the system to prevent further issues, and responding to possible lawsuits by those affected.”
annualized loss expectancy
113
Talk about handling risk:
“The business has several options when a risk has been identified: accept the risk, retain the risk, avoid the risk, diminish or mitigate the risk, or transfer the risk. If the risk could be easily handled and doesn’t pose a large threat to the organization, it may be wise to accept it. Preparing for it in advance could be a waste of time and resources. In addition, a firm might choose risk retention, or keeping the risk in-house, if doing so is financially prudent. Although not all situations allow for this, it may be wise to try and avoid larger risks. For example, if a firm believes a feature on its product isn’t going to be functional for the product launch, it could decide to introduce it as an upgrade later or omit it entirely. If accepting the risk or avoiding it isn’t possible, the company could decide to mitigate or diminish it. For example, if human resources thinks that workers will miss important changes to their benefits during open enrollment, they could offer training sessions and extra office hours to help employees understand their options. Finally, firms may be able to transfer, or share, some risks. When[…]”
114
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a risk management tool used to share financial risk associated with employee lawsuits. ”
Employment practices liability insurance (ELPI)
115
What is ELPI for?
“ELPI is insurance purchased to protect against some of the legal costs faced if an employee brings a civil suit against the organization. There are many situations in which an employee may bring a lawsuit because of perceived rights violations, and if they, the organization will pay huge fees in legal costs, even if it wins the suit. ELPI can be extremely useful in covering these unexpected costs.”
116
“Companies should complete regular\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ because employers must exercise reasonable care to avoid and prevent harassment. ” WHY?
harassment training “Otherwise, employers may be found liable for the harassing behaviors of vendors, clients, coworkers, and supervisors. Harassment is defined as any demeaning or degrading comments, jokes, name-calling, actions, graffiti, or other belittling conduct that may be found offensive.”
117
“Any form of ________ can be “considered harassment, including neutral words that may be perceived in a vulgar or intimidating way.”
derogatory speech
118
“protects individuals from harassment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”
Civil Rights Act Of 1964
119
“ damages awarded under \_\_\_\_\_\_can total anywhere from $50,000 to $300,000, depending upon the size of the employer.”
Title VII
120
“Shows like A & E's Intervention and recent news of the opiate epidemic address some of the many personal struggles for employees involved in or suffering from \_\_\_\_\_\_and\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
alcoholism and drug abuse.”
121
“Alcoholism is now a under \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_the American with Disabilities Act. The act does not protect employees who report to work under the influence, nor does it protect them from the consequences of their actions or blatant misconduct. Problems caused by drug abuse are similar to those caused by alcoholism. However, additional problems associated with drug abuse are the likelihood of stealing, due to the expensive cost of the employee’s habit, and its illegal nature. ”
1. protected disability
122
“ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_does not protect current drug use as a protected disability.”
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
123
“\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ requires that government contractors make a good faith effort to ensure a drug-free workplace. Employers must prohibit illegal substances in the workplace and must create drug awareness trainings for employees. Any federal contractor with contracts of $100,000 or more must adhere to a set of mandates to show they maintain a drug-free work environment.”
The Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988
124
“Employers must develop a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_prohibiting the production, distribution, use, or possession of any controlled substance by an employee while in the workplace.”
written policy
125
“Employers are required to develop , \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and all employees must receive a copy of the policy and understand the consequences of a violation. ”
standards of enforcement
126
“Employers need to implement\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to help employees understand the hazards and health risks of drug use.”
drug awareness trainings
127
“Although drug testing is not required, it is intended that employers have some type of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_- in place. ”
screening
128
“Many employers utilize drug testing to screen applicants and, in some cases, current employees. Generally speaking, employers can legally require applicants to pass a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a condition of employment or adopt programs that test active employees as long as the programs are not discriminatory.”
drug test
129
“Due to the controversial nature, employers must be meticulously cautious when designing these programs to ensure practices will be upheld if brought to court. Wilkinson vs. Times Mirror Corporation established the following elements for testing programs:” what programs:
“1. Samples are collected at a medical facility by persons unrelated to the employer. 2. Applicants are unobserved by others when they furnish samples. 3. Results are kept confidential. 4. Employers are notified only if the applicant was passed or failed by a medical lab. 5. Applicants are notified of the portion they failed by the medical lab—some instances will provide applicants an opportunity to present medical documentation prior to the employer receiving results. 6. There is a defined method for applicants to question or challenge test results. 7. Applicants must be eligible to reapply after a reasonable time.”
