C/P Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Which state of matter has the largest volume change with temperature change?
A
gases (liquid to gases)
2
Q
Ideal gas law
A
PV=nRT
3
Q
P vs V
A
indirect (higher P = lower V)
4
Q
P vs T
A
direct (higher P = higher T)
5
Q
V vs T
A
direct (higher V = higher T)
6
Q
equation for period of a sound
A
T = 1/f
indirect - higher the frequency=lower the period
7
Q
Why would a doctor use the bell to detect heart murmurs but the diaphragm to detect pneumonia?
A
Turbulent blood flow usually creates low frequency sounds, but crackling in the lungs is usually high frequency
8
Q
If I represents the intensity of the sound wave from an earpiece, A represents the area of the eardrum to which the sound is delivered, and t represents the time spent listening to the sound, which of the following expressions gives the energy received by the eardrum?
A
=IAT
The relationship between intensity and power is I = P/A, so the power received by the ear must be P = IA. Next, the relationship between power and energy is P = W/t, so the energy received by the ear (equivalently, the work done on the ear) must be W = Pt = IAt.
9
Q
what does constructive interference do to the intensity of sound
A
it increases it
10
Q
what happens to frequency as a wave travels from one medium to another?
A
it stays the same
11
Q
rank the redox-active species of the electron transport chain in order of decreasing electron affinity
A
O2 > CoQ > FAD > NAD+
12
Q
oxidation
A
the addition of an oxygen atom to a molecule
13
Q
Which of the following contributes to the fact that the small intestine cannot passively absorb bile salts?
- Taurine and glycine have low pKa values.
- Bile salts are hydrophobic.
- Pancreatic secretions increase intestinal pH.
A
1 and 3
14
Q
Lipase works to hydrolyze which of the following functional groups?
A
ester
lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fats, or triglycerides, which contain three ester functional groups. Amides are the functional groups present in proteins so eliminate choice A, hemiacetals are present in sugars (eliminate choice D), and ethers are not largely important functional groups in any biologically important molecules
15
Q
deprotonation occurs at high or low pH?
A
high (basic)
16
Q
protonation occurs at high or low pH?
A
low (acidic)
17
Q
what are sources of degrees of unsaturation?
A
number of double bonds and number of rings
18
Q
energy vs wavelength
A
indirect (longer wavelength = less energy)
19
Q
is there a difference in the charge between the excited state and ground state of a molecule?
A
no
20
Q
iodoacetamide
A
{google pic}
21
Q
periodic table trends
A
- nucleophility increases going down and to the left
- electrophility increases going up and to the right
- size increases going down and to the left
22
Q
electrophile vs nucleophile
A
- electrophiles attract electrons and thus have a positive or partial positive charge
- nucleophiles attract nuclei and thus have negative or partial negative charges
23
Q
pentose phosphate pathway
A
(google it i guess)
24
Q
In the electrolysis of water shown below, a current of 2 amps is applied to 180 mL of H2O(l) for 6 hours and 42 minutes. How many grams of H2(g) are formed? (Faraday’s constant = 96,500 C/mol)
2 H2O(l) + 2 e– → H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)
A
0.5 g
First, convert the time to seconds: (6 hours × 3600 seconds/hour) + (~40 minutes × 60 seconds/minute) to get ~24,000 seconds. Then, multiply by the current of 2 amps to get the total charge applied: ~48,000 C. Using Faraday’s constant, this is equivalent to ~0.5 moles of e–. Since we have 10 moles of H2O, H2O is in excess and e– are the limiting reagent. For every 2 moles of e– used, 1 mole of H2 is formed, which means 0.25 moles of H2 are formed in this problem. Multiply by the molecular weight of H2 (2 g/mol) to get 0.5 g H2.
25
An object is placed in front of a concave mirror between the focal point and the mirror. If the object is then moved closer to the mirror, the image would be:
smaller and closer to the mirror
26
L vs D configuration
L - hydroxyl group (OH-R) on the left side
| D- hydroxyl group (OH-R) on the right side
27
Besides detoxification of drugs such as acetaminophen, the liver is involved in and regulates several different biochemical pathways. What are biochemical activities of the liver?
A. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism such as glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis Your Answer
C. Deamination of amino acid and conversion of the resulting ammonia to urea
D. Lipid metabolism, including cholesterol and lipoprotein synthesis
28
A 10 kg dancer raises her leg in the air in a développé. Her 2 kg leg is 1 m long and can be assumed to have uniform mass throughout its length. What angle, θ, between the working leg and the standing leg will create the most torque in the dancer’s hip?
90°
Torque can be calculated using the equation τ = Fd sinθ, where F is the force creating torque, d is the distance from the force to the rotation point, and θ is the angle between F and d. In this case, the force is the weight of the leg which is (2 kg)(10 m/s2) = 20 N. Since the question states that the leg can be assumed to have uniform mass throughout its length, then the weight can all be considered to be acting in the middle of the leg. So the distance from the rotation point to the force is half the length of the leg, or 0.5 m. Using the values for force and distance, the torque equation becomes τ = (20 N)(0.5 m)sin θ = (10 N·m)sin θ. So the torque is greatest where sin θ is greatest. The angle between the two legs is the same as the angle between the force and the distance, so taking the sine of each of the answer choices shows the greatest torque is when the angle is 90°. While it might be tempting to select choice D since it is the largest angle, remember that the largest value sine can have is at an angle of 90°.
29
The dancer is wearing a necklace which consists of a chain and a pendant of mass, m. When the dancer is spinning at a constant speed, the pendant pulls away from her body, and the chain makes an angle, θ, with the dancer’s body. If the pendant is spinning at a constant speed, v, and the chain has a tension, T, what is the radius of the circle created by the pendant?
mv^2 / T sin θ
the question describes the pendant travelling in a circle making an angle, θ, with the dancer’s body. A force diagram of the pendant is below.
Notice that the component of tension directed into the center of the circle is T sin θ, not the full tension in the chain. It is just this component of tension that provides the centripetal force. Centripetal force is always equal to mv^2 /r so in this case T sin θ = mv^2 / r. Solving for the radius of the circle shows r = mv^2 / T sin θ. The correct answer is choice B.
30
The 10 kg dancer leaps into the air with an initial velocity of 5 m/s at angle of 45° from the floor. How far will she travel in the air horizontally before she lands on the ground again?
2.5 m
The question is asking for the range R of the projectile (in this case, a dancer). Use v0x as the initial velocity in the x-direction and v0y as the initial velocity in the y-direction. So range = (v0x)(time in the air), or in this case, R = (5 m/s)(cos 45°)(total time). To find the time in the air, consider the time it takes to get to the top of the projectile parabola. The time to the top of the parabola can be calculated since the velocity in the y-direction at the top of the parabola is zero. So 0 = v0y – g(time to top) and time to the top = v0y / g = (5 m/s)(sin 45°)/(10 m/s2) = √2/4 s. Since the time in the air is twice the time to the top, the time in the air = 2(√2/4 s) = √2/2 s. Plug this into the original equation for range, so range = (5 m/s)(cos 45°)(√2/2 s) = 5(√2/2)(√2/2) = 5(2/4) = 2.5 m. The correct answer is choice B.
31
In one performance, the dancer spins at a constant speed while holding a basket of flowers in her hand. While spinning, the dancer holds her arms out to the side, so her arms make a 90° angle with her body. Which of the following is true for the circular motion of the basket of flowers?
1. The spinning causes a centripetal force, which pulls the basket out from the center of the circle.
2. The dancer’s arm provides the centripetal force, which pulls the basket in towards the center of the circle.
3. The basket has a constant velocity which is equal to the tangential velocity of the dancer.
2 only
The centripetal force is by definition a force pointing into the center of the circle, so Item I is false, eliminating choices A and D. Since both remaining answer choices include Item II, Item II must be true and we can focus only on Item III. Remember that velocity is a vector, and since the basket is traveling in a circle, it is constantly changing direction. Therefore, the velocity is not constant and Item III is false, eliminating choice C. The correct answer is choice B. Note that Item II is, in fact, true: the dancer’s arm is providing the centripetal force that pulls the basket into the circle.
32
how do catalysts increase the reaction rate?
by lowering the activation energy/ stabilizing the transition state
33
Electronegativity, electron affinity, and ionization energy all increase across a periodic table row and decrease down a periodic table group. Why does acidity not follow this trend?
Acidity relates to the stability of the conjugate base, and larger atoms form more stable conjugate bases even when they are less electronegative than smaller atoms
34
which way do electricl field lines point in regards to electric potential?
the lines point towards decreasing electric potential
35
What are the units of the rate constant k for a second order reaction?
L/(mol•s)
Concentration is given by M = mol/L, and rate always has the units of M/s, which is the same as mol/(L•s). Since the reaction is second order, solve by substituting units into a hypothetical rate law and solving for k:
rate = k[A]^2
M/s = k(mol/L)^2
mol/(L•s) = k(mol^2/L^2)
k = (mol/(L•s))/(mol^2/L^2)
k = L/(mol•s)
36
Two circular pipes both have radii of 3.5 meters. They both steadily eject water horizontally, and the water from each pours onto a measuring grid 5 meters below. The stream from the first pipe lands on the measuring grid 20 cm away from a position directly below the pipe mouth, and the stream from the second pipe lands 5 cm away from a position directly below its pipe mouth. How long would it take the second pipe to pour out as much water as the first pours out in 1 minute?
4 mins
In answering this question, it is essential to take advantage of the fact that almost everything is the same between the two flow streams. The given difference is how far they travel horizontally, and the question asks about a difference in time. The task is to determine the relationship between these variables. First, no matter how far the streams fall (5 m or any other distance), they both fall the same distance, so they both take the same amount of time to get to the measuring grid. In the projectile motion equation R = v0xt, if t is constant, then horizontal displacement is proportional to horizontal velocity. The flow speed coming out the second pipe is therefore one-fourth the flow speed coming out the first pipe, since it only travels 5 cm instead of 20 cm. Furthermore, according to f = Av, flow rate is directly proportional to flow speed if area is held constant. Since the two pipes have the same radius, they have the same area. Thus, the flow rate of the fluid coming out of the second pipe is one-fourth what it is in the first pipe. Next, since flow rate is also equal to volume over time, and since they are ultimately going to pour out equal amounts of water (equal volumes), flow rate is inversely proportional to time. The second pipe has one-fourth the flow rate, so it should take four times as much time. Four times as long as 1 minute is 4 minutes.
37
GAPDH converts an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid in order to change NAD+ to NADH. Which of the following is true regarding this reaction in humans?
A. The aldehyde is reduced.
B. NAD+ is oxidized.
C. NAD+ gains 2 e– and one proton.
D. The carboxylic acid (pKa = 2.19) is mostly in its protonated form.
C
An aldehyde (—CHO) gains an O when it is converted to a carboxylic acid (–COOH). By definition, gaining an O is oxidation which makes choice A incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because NAD+ gains elections in order to become a neutral molecule. Gaining electrons is reduction, not oxidation. Choice D is incorrect because according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (pKa – pH = –log([A–] / [HA])), the conjugate base (deprotonated form) is favored if pH > pKa. Since the human body (with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract) has a pH higher than 2.19, the deprotonated form of the carboxylic acid is favored. Recalling that an H+ is equivalent to a proton, it is apparent that an H+ is added when converting NAD+ → NADH. Since NADH is a neutral molecule, the positive +1 charge from the proton and the +1 charge from the NAD+ must be balanced by two electrons.
38
disassociation constant vs binding constant
indirect (reciprocal of each other)
39
Lipolysis is followed by β-oxidation, in order to ensure the cell can harvest ATP from lipid molecules. Which of the following is true of this process?
A. An isomerase and a reductase are required for complete oxidation of a monounsaturated fatty acid.
B. Lipolysis of a DAG will generate twice the amount of fatty acids and glycerol, compared to lipolysis of a MAG.
C. Unlike cell respiration, fatty acid catabolism starts in the mitochondria and finishes in the cytosol.
D. The cell requires more than twice the number of NAD+ electron carriers compared to FAD electron carriers, in order to harvest ATP from fatty acids
D
It is true that cells require more than twice the number of NAD+ electron carriers compared to FAD electron carriers, in order to harvest ATP from fatty acids (choice D is correct). As an example, catabolism of a ten-carbon saturated fatty acid will require four rounds of β-oxidation. This will generate four FADH2, four NADH, and five acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoAs will enter the Krebs cycle and will generate 15 more NADH and 5 more FADH2 (as well as 5 GTP). In total then, 19 NADH are generated (requiring 19 NAD+) and 9 FADH2 are generated (requiring 9 FAD)
40
what info do western blot tests give
info on protein expression
41
what info does reverse PCR give
what transcripts are present in a cell
42
Two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series to a battery with no internal resistance. The current through each is measured. A third resistor, R3, is then connected in parallel to R2. How does this affect the currents throughR1 and R2?
I1 increases and I2 decreases.
The combination of R2 and R3 has less resistance than R2 alone. This is because, in parallel, 1 / Rparallel = 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 > 1 / R2 and therefore, Rparallel < R2. The equivalent resistance of the entire circuit is R1 + Rparallel, which has now decreased. Since the current supplied by the battery is V / Req, where V is the battery’s voltage, decreasing Req increases the total current. The current flows through R1; therefore, I1 must also increase. This eliminates choices C and D. Increasing the current through R1 would also increase the voltage across it. This means that there would be less voltage available to the parallel portion of the circuit. Less voltage across R2 means less current through it.
43
avagadro's number
n = 6.02x10^23
44
planck's constant
h = 6.626x10^-34
45
ammonium
NH4+
46
ammonia
NH3
47
planck relation equation
E=hc/wavelength
48
density of gasses
p=mass/volume=PM/RT
49
molality
moles of solute per kilograms of solvent
50
molarity
moles of solute per liters of solution
51
Raoult's law/vapor pressure depression
P(a)=XP(t)
52
boiling point elevation
change in temp=ik(b)m
- m-molality of the solution
- i-vant hoff factor
- k(b)-constant
53
freezing point depression
change in temp=ik(f)m
| -m-molality of the solution
54
osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure =iMRT
| -M-molarity of the solution
55
what is the specific heat of water?
1 cal/gC or 4.186 J/g
56
Hess's Law
change in enthalpy = bonds formed - bonds broken
57
electron affinity
the energy released when an atom gains an electron
58
ionization energy
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
59
k(eq) equation
K(eq)=products/reactants
60
is heat a product or reactant in endothermic reactions?
reactant
61
is heat a product or reactant in exothermic reactions?
product
62
at STP, how many liters is one mole of gas?
22.4L
63
the diatomic elements
H,N,O,F,Cl,Br,I
64
density of a gas
p=PM/RT=mass/V
65
what is a polar covalent bond
a bond formed when both electrons are donated by one atom
66
which elements react violently with water?
Alkaline earth metals react violently with water.
67
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH=pka+log(A/HA)
68
molecular formula of glucose
C6H12O6
69
melting point trend regarding IMFs
molecules with higher IMFs have higher melting points
| -London forces
70
acetone structure
google
71
formaldehyde structure
google
72
acetaldehyde structure
google
73
formic acid
google
74
acetic acid
google
75
propionic acid
google
