C1 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Cognitive Psychology
way mind makes sense of world, studied from a scientific and application perspective
mental operations
what we use our mind for/purpose of our mind. perception, attn, memory, thinking
perception
register things you perceive/Gain info about outside world/conscious inference resulting from activity of the senses
attention
engage mind to focus on one thing
Memory
how to retain information in brain to retrieve later on, recall it in easy manner (or not, memory deficits)
Answering memory questions–set context try to trigger response
thinking
manipulating info, trying to understand, reasoning, deciding/making judgments, problem solving
Two types of cognitive processes
automatic and controlled processes
automatic process
tend to be extremely fast and unconscious
controlled process
conscious effort to perform mental operation
mcgurk effect –
when perceptual info clashes mind analyzes and activates an illusion pattern
(so seeing lips move changes what you hear, when when a person perceives that another’s lip movements do not correspond to what that individual is saying, Conflict between eyes and ears–visual overrides)
Psychophysics (1830s)–
no field of psychology, but they had this–study of relationships between physical properties of stimuli/physical world and psychological sensation–stimulus and response
Absolute threshold–
how strong does a stimulus have to be before you notice it
Why dont we sense a ton of stimuli that exist?
Some sensations the sensory system isn’t capable of perceiving
Some require focus of attention
Difference threshold–
JND (just noticeable difference). How much brighter than 2 lumens does it have to be before Sarah perceives the difference?
weber’s law=
(Initial value-final value)/initial value=constant; weber’s constant is the idea that proportion of JND is a constant, need proportionate change in stimulus to notice that it’s there
Looking at change in amount proportional to starting point
Delta V / IV = K
Delta V = JND
Not the same for all stimuli
Different modalities have different weber’s constants
Weber’s law relevant in advertising, markets, medicine
heuristics=
cognitive skill, shortcut to think about things
Ebbinghaus
1870s-1880s early studies on memory
Ebbinghaus was interested in determining the nature of memory and forgetting—specifically, how rapidly information that is learned is lost over time.
Read thru list of nonsense words
Recall test (if not 100% correct he reads thru again and tests himself until he could recall everything)
Say for particular list it took him 20x trials of read and test before he reaches 100% correct
Waited for varying periods of time and tested how many words he can remember
Imagine after 20 min he cant remember 100%
He determines how many reading/testing repetitions he now needs
savings,
calculated as follows, to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay: Savings = (Original time to learn the list) − (Time to relearn the list after the delay).
Formula: ((# of initial repetitions)-(#of repetitions at test))/initial repetitions
Somethings still there so to get back to max amount u go over it a few times. Savings is how much you retain, essentially.
See ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve–many concepts reflected here is stuff we know from diff perspective and has more implication than we give him credit for
Very quick loss at day 1, within the first hour
Slows down around day 2
Some still stay even at the end–some stays forever, never start from scratch. Also: if you go down a pathway some information never disappears–whatever we engage in and experience the positive and negative stays with you.
Phenomenal Experience:
The way you experience your own thoughts and experiences. How you describe
what you are going through/experiencing.
