Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology > C2 > Flashcards

C2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mind: two definitions

A

The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning.
The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PNS:

A

peripheral nervous system: Connect CNS to all peripheral organs (sensory, muscles, internal organs, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central NS

A

(Brain and spinal cord)–receive terminal messages/signals from PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cells of nervous system:

A 
Neurons
Neuroglial cells (support cells. Not involved in activity, but have peripheral jobs to maintain functioning of neurons.) (missed a note.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basic structure of neuron:

A

body (w/ nucleus and chromosomes etc), dendrites, and axon with axon terminal.

Info goes thru dendrites cell body axon axon terminal next neuron

when neuron is activated (Fluctuating voltage affected by action happening to cell from other sources)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Resting voltage/potential of neuron

A

-70millivolts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

coinage of a neuron–

A

signal of a neuron, talking about its voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two kinds of neural signals

A

decremental and action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

decremental

A

getting weaker and weaker as it travels along the axon, triggered on cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

action potential

A

If can get ton of electrical energy (action potential) to explode at trigger point (beginning of axon) goes from -70 to +40 (that’s the change from resting to AP threshold) and then the signal isn’t decremental, it travels the same amount over the whole neuron and to the next one (each bit of the axon activates as +40 instead of +40→+39–>etc like youd find in a decremental signal).

The greater the diameter of the axon the faster the signal
Slowest moving action potential are about 3ft/second
fastest100-200ft/second

If cell connects to a bunch of other neurons…(in a multipolar cell…) can activate a whole network.

…except there’s a synapse! How does signal jump synapse? Electrical signals cant!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

trigger point

A

Trigger body where cell body meets axon–if +40 response is triggered there, if response triggered there instead of cell body, it is AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does a message pass from one neuron to the next?

A

When AP gets to terminal, it triggers a release of a neurotransmitter: a chemical released by axon terminal, floats to other side of synaptic cleft and binds to the dendrites of next cell, it causes an electrochemical change which produces a voltage change–>next signal

Neuron uses these signals to generate info
Depending on how much of the neurotransmitter is released, stronger signal is triggered
Diff between activated body and activated trigger point–activated body/if signal starts at cell body, is decremental, if activated at trigger point at beginning of axon, AP, doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multipolar cell–

A

many different dendrite-roads going in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bipolar cell–

A

one road in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Unipolar–

A

it’s one road with cell off to the side. Doesnt involve in transmission of signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell body

A

has all the reg stuff–golgi, ER, mitochondrion, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Unmyelinated

A

axons have bare axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Myelinated axons

A

have myelin sheaths (produced by glial cells) at regular intervals and bare parts are in between sheathes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

schwann cell

A

Myelination in PNS–job of schwann cell is to wrap around axon at one point and insulates it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

node of ranvier

A

those spaces between sheaths on myelinated axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CNS myelination

A

In CNS myelination the oligodendrocytes that can service many parts of the axon make the sheaths (they service more than 1 neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Action potential in unmyelinated axon

A

In an unmyelinated fiber you produce signal thats strong enough to trigger AP–>adjacent AP–>AP, proceeds whole length of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Action potential in myelinated axon

A

saltatory conduction: In a myelinated axon AP occurs–>can’t occur at next spot bc it’s insulated–>appears at the next node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Demyelinating diseases (like MS)–

A

autoimmune diseases that eat the myelin sheathes and then the neuron becomes dysfunctional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Converging circuit:
multiple neurons synapse on one neuron Converging = if A, B, and C all signal D, that’s a stronger wave in cell body, may be enough to turn from decremental to AP
26
Diverging circuit:
one neuron synapses on multiple neurons
27
Recurrent circuit--
neuron feeds back to a neuron earlier in the circuit like a feedback circuit. A signals B, B says to A: either I want a stronger signal or less of a signal, A adjusts and resignals
28
Three functional types of neurons
Sensory, Interneurons, Motor
29
Sensory
(afferent) part of PNS bring info from outside world (from sensory organs) (transduce) into CNS Doesnt have to be outside body--we have sensory neurons on heart, lungs that are sensitive as well. Stomach ache = sensory neurons in stomach activated by chemical release of acid or temperature or something
30
Interneurons--
btwn one neuron and another
31
Motor
(efferent)--these are neurons that take info out and activate the muscles/glands
32
where do signals come from?
sensory receptors, other neurons...
33
what do neurons connect to?
other neurons, muscles and glands
34
kneecap reflex
Simple behavior that uses these three -- kneecap reflex spinal cord contract muscle sensory receptor-->interneurons-->activate muscles
35
Crossed extensor reflex
Step on a nail-->afferent neurons-->spinal cord, axon branching out, interneurons-->motor neurons in leg, pick leg up off nail-->it doesn’t even go up to your brain, you don’t know about it yet! Happens in spinal cord, activates flexor muscle AND inhibits extensor muscle to make sure you dont step back on nail (also affects sensory neurons to lyk what happened, right?)
36
brain
brain=combination of neurons interconnected with each other networks receive from sensory and send out to motor neurons and from a physiological perspective thats the connection between brain and behavior Everything is just neurons From a biopsychological perspective all this is the way a biopsychologist would think about thinking thinking=neurons talking to other neurons
37
Global perspective on organization
Global perspective: CNS (brain + extension of spinal cord as it goes into the brain) and PNS CNS is where action happens PNS is where info from CNS goes out to organs, muscles, etc or bringing info in from those organs PNS associated with neuron groups in the brain also
38
Gray matter:
cell bodies and/or unmyelinated axons (have a greyish appearance)
39
Nucleus:
Organized mass of gray matter with a common function
40
cortex
Sheet of gray matter covering outside of brain is called cortex
41
Ganglia:
organized mass of gray matter in PNS
42
white matter
bundles (or tracts) of myelinated axons (might be connected to gray cell bodies) (taking info to or from CNS)
43
White matter tracts:
Projection tracts; Association tracts; Commissural tracts:
44
Projection tracts
white matter myelinated axons moving from spinal cord to brain or brain → spinal cord
45
Association tracts
regions in one hemisphere to other regions in SAME hemisphere
46
Commissural tracts
connecting the two hemispheres
47
Spinal cord
(inside gray matter; outside white matter) | 31 pairs of nerves: One nerve for right side, one nerve for left side for each side of body
48
nerve
set of sensory axons; nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of (myelinated) axons (extensions of individual neurons) in PNS
49
Dermatomes:
strip of body taken care of by a particular spinal nerve
50
organization of CNS
spinal cord; hindbrain; midbrain; forebrain
51
Hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
52
medulla
(which is a group of neurons/different nuclei with different functions), Vegetative functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing, throwing up, blood pressure
53
Pons
Regulates breathing and heart rate, connects brain and spinal cord, connecting pathways
54
Cerebellum
Balance, posture, coordinated movement, variety of learning processes Recently suggested that cerebellum is involved in certain motor learning as well
55
Midbrain
White matter tracts and nuclei with specific jobs Orientation reflex to visual and auditory input (four sets of nuclei on top and bottom) Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus
56
Superior colliculus
in midbrain, top ((right and left--vision) (reflexive)
57
inferior colliculus
in midbrain, bottom (name of nucleus) (right and left--vision) (reflexive) (audition)
58
Forebrain
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebrum, Cerebral cortex
59
Thalamus-
-tiny football shaped gray matter made up of many nuclei One processes visual info, auditory, tactile, etc General function of thalamus: waystation for almost all sensory systems (not smell). Before they go thru rest of brain they stop off at synapse in thalamus
60
Hypothalamus--
also a bunch of nuclei with specific jobs
61
Cerebrum
(majority of brain, 4 lobes) 2 major gray matter masses buried inside includes Basal ganglia and limbic system
62
Basal ganglia
Movement and organized patterns of movement
63
Limbic system
Emotional regulation Memory Hippocampus(memory) vs amygdala(emotional regulation) right next to each other, linked So yes there is connection between emotional regulation and memory!
64
Cerebral cortex
3-5 mm thick layer of gray matter on the surface of the brain 5-6 layers, folded sheet of gray matter
65
Ridge-
gyrus
66
Valley-
sulcus
67
Deep valley-
fissure
68
Four areas of cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Insula (5th lobe?)
69
Frontal lobe
Motor and executive functions (action, planning action)
70
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory (touch, temperature, pain)
71
Occipital lobe
Primary vision area
72
Temporal lobe
audition
73
Insula
(gustatory, taste, pull away the (temporal?) lobe
74
look at map of brain integrating this shit
ok
75
What separates parietal from frontal lobes
Central sulcus/fissure In front (to the left) of it is the precentral gyrus (motor, frontal side) and on other side is postcentral gyrus (sensory, parietal side)
76
Homunculus
little person represented on the brain, on motor and sensory gyri (precentral gyrus with motor homunculus and postcentral cyrus (somatosensory homunculus) in terms of how sensitive
77
Broca’s area
Broca’s area associated with the production of speech. damage can lead to broca’s aphasia/expressive aphasia/productive aphasia frontal cortex dissociated from wernicke's area. Broca--this problem only occurs if damage was in that area only if it occurs on left hemisphere it was lateralized and localized
78
Localization:
different human cognitive abilities and behaviors are localized in specific parts of the brain.
79
Lateralization:
any cognitive function that is localized primarily in one side of the brain.
80
rare characteristic of the act of smelling
Smell goes straight to olfactory cortex without stopping (basic, primitive sensation)
81
Wernicke’s area--
Broca’s area associated with the reception of speech. damage can lead to receptive aphasia--same problem in reverse, can’t understand language or follow instructions. Can express but sentences don’t make sense. Wernicke had a patient, autopsy showed damage in temporal lobe left hemisphere. dissociated from broca's area.
82
Contralateral control:
motor and sensory functions of left side controlled by right hemisphere and motor and sensory functions of right side controlled by left hemisphere. Most motor/sensory functions are contralateral
83
Ipsilateral control:
motor and sensory functions of left side are controlled by left hemisphere and motor and sensory functions of the right side are controlled by the right hemisphere. Some motor/sensory functions are ipsilateral
84
Bilateral control:
motor and sensory functions on right side might be controlled by both hemispheres and motor and sensory functions on left side might be controlled by both hemispheres. Very few functions are bilateral.
85
double dissociation
Double Dissociation is when two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions