C1 - atomic structure

Question 1

the periodic table is arranged by…

Answer 1

atomic/proton number

Question 2

what never changes about an element?

Answer 2

number of protons

Question 3

how did Mendeleev rearrange the periodic table?

Answer 3

he reversed the order of some elements so they fitted in groups of reactivity

Question 4

why did Mendeleev leave gaps in the periodic table?

Answer 4

he realised some elements were still undiscovered

Question 5

how was Mendeleev’s table arranged?

Answer 5

in order of protons, not mass

Question 6

number of protons = ?

Answer 6

atomic number

Question 7

number of neutrons = ?

Answer 7

mass number minus atomic number

Question 8

number of electrons = ?

Answer 8

number of protons

Question 9

how are electrons arranged?

Answer 9

in shells

Question 10

how many electrons can the 4th shell hold?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

what does the group number tell us about the electrons?

Answer 11

number of electrons an element has in the outer shell

Question 12

where are protons and neutrons located?

Answer 12

in the nucleus

Question 13

where are electrons located?

Answer 13

in shells orbiting the nucleus

Question 14

describe the plum pudding model

Answer 14

ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded throughout

Question 15

what did Rutherford suggest about electrons to prove the nuclear model incorrect?

Answer 15

they orbit the nucleus

Question 16

how did Bohr develop the nuclear model further?

Answer 16

he suggested electrons were in shells orbiting a nucleus of protons

Question 17

name a similarity between the plum pudding model and the nuclear model

Answer 17

both have negative and positive charges

Question 18

what did James Chadwick discover in 1932?

Answer 18

neutrons

Question 19

describe the results from the alpha scattering experiment

Answer 19

a few particles deflected, most went straight through

Question 20

what did the alpha scattering experiment prove?

Answer 20

there’s a small area of high positive charge called the nucleus

Question 21

define isotopes

Answer 21

atoms of the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 22

describe the properties of alkali (group 1) metals

Answer 22

shiny when cut but darken quickly as they react with oxygen in the air, low density

Question 23

how do alkali metals react with water?

Answer 23

by fizzing and the metal dissolving

Question 24

what does the fizzing tell us about water reacting with alkali metals?

Answer 24

hydrogen gas is being made

Question 25

alkali metals become more reactive as you...

Answer 25

go down the group

Question 26

why are alkali metals more reactive going down the group?

Answer 26

outer shell gets further away from the positive attraction of the nucleus, so more easy to lose outer shell electron

Question 27

what are group 0 gases also known as?

Answer 27

noble gases

Question 28

describe the properties of noble gases

Answer 28

inert and exist as single atoms as they have full outer shells of electrons

Question 29

the boiling point of noble gases increases as you...

Answer 29

go down the group

Question 30

describe the properties of group 7 elements (halogens)

Answer 30

non-metals which consist of diatomic molecules

Question 31

the melting/boiling point of halogens increase as you...

Answer 31

go down the group

Question 32

as you go down the group, halogens become...

Answer 32

less reactive

Question 33

why do halogens become less reactive down the group?

Answer 33

the outer electrons get further away from the attraction of the nucleus, so it's harder to gain an electron

Question 34

describe the properties of transition metals

Answer 34

high melting points, dense, strong and hard, less reactive with water and oxygen

Question 35

compare group 1 metals with transition metals

Answer 35

lower melting points, less dense, more reactive with water and oxygen

Question 36

many transition metals have ions with...

Answer 36

different charges

Question 37

what type of compound do many transition metals form?

Answer 37

coloured compounds

Question 38

transition metals are frequently used as...

Answer 38

catalysts such as iron in the Haber process

Question 39

what does filtration separate?

Answer 39

an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper and a funnel

Question 40

what does crystallisation separate?

Answer 40

solids from solutions

Question 41

describe the process of crystallisation

Answer 41

heat solution until it becomes saturated, leave to cool and evaporate leaving behind dry crystals

Question 42

what does simple distillation separate?

Answer 42

liquid from solution

Question 43

describe the process of simple distillation

Answer 43

heat mixture of liquids, boil, condense vapour and collect in a separate container

Question 44

what does fractional distillation separate?

Answer 44

liquids of different boiling points

Question 45

describe the process of f. distillation

Answer 45

heat mixture of liquids, boil, vapour rises up fractionating column, condenses and is collected in separate container

Question 46

why do you use a pencil to draw a line during paper chromatography?

Answer 46

pencil marks are insoluble, so won't dissolve in solvent or rise up filter paper