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Chemistry paper 1 > C1: Atoms > Flashcards

C1: Atoms Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only one type of atom

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance containing two or more different types of atoms CHEMICALLY BONDED

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3
Q

What is the conservation of mass?

A

Atoms can neither be created or destroyed in a reaction - equations must be BALANCED

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4
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Consists of different substances NOT CHEMICALLY BONDED

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5
Q

What does filtration do?

A

Removes large, insoluble particles from a liquid

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6
Q

How does evaporation separate substances?

A

Leaves behind crystals of a dissolved substance (solute) if heated gently

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7
Q

What does distillation involve?

A

Condensing the evaporated solvent and collecting it

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8
Q

What can fractional distillation do?

A

Separate liquids due to their different boiling points

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9
Q

What are characteristics of a solid?

A
  • Arranged in a regular lattice
  • Vibrate about fixed positions
  • Cannot be compressed
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10
Q

What are characteristics of a liquid?

A
  • Particles have no regular arrangement
  • Able to move past each other
  • Cannot be compressed
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11
Q

What are characteristics of a gas?

A

-Particles are far apart
- Move randomly at fast speeds
-Can be compressed

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12
Q

How does heat cause melting/evaporation?

A

The energy overcomes the electrostatic forces of attraction
Physical change

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13
Q

What are the different state symbols?

A

Solid = s
Liquid = l
Gas = g
Substance in a solution is aqueous = aq

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14
Q

How does chromatography work?

A

Causes substance to rise up paper due to capillary action. Lighter particles move further up

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15
Q

What did ancient Greeks believe matter was made up of?

A

Invisible particles

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16
Q

What was JJ Thomson’s atomic model?

A

-Plum pudding model
-Cloud of positive charge with negative electrons dotted in it

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17
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

A

-The nucleus was small and positively charged
-Alpha scattering
-Most alpha particles went through gold leaf, very few reflected back

18
Q

What did Neil’s Bohr discover?

A

Electrons exist in shells

19
Q

What did James Chadwick determine?

A

The nucleus must contain neutrons as well as protons

20
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

A

Relative mass = 1
Relative charge = +1

21
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

A

Relative mass = 1
Relative charge = 0

22
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of an electron?

A

Relative mass = almost 0
Relative charge = -1

23
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

-The number of protons in a nucleus
-Bottom number
-Also tells us number of electrons if neutral

24
Q

What is an ion?

A

-A charged atom
-Has a different number of electrons

25
Q

What is the mass number?

A

-The number of protons + neutrons in a nucleus
-Top number

26
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same element, different numbers of neutrons

27
Q

What is the relative abundance of chlorine 35 & 37?

A

Chlorine-35 = 75%
Chlorine-37 = 25%

28
Q

How do you work out average relative atomic mass?

A

Average mass = total mass of 100 atoms / 100

29
Q

How were elements initially ordered?

A

-According to their ATOMIC ‘WEIGHT’
-Some grouped together due to having SIMILAR PROPERTIES

30
Q

What did Dimitri Mendeleev do?

A

-Left gaps in table for predicted elements

31
Q

How many electrons can be on the first, second and third shells?

A

First = 2
Second = 8
Third = 8

32
Q

What do metals do to gain an empty outer shell?

A

Donate electrons to form positive ions

33
Q

What do non-metals do to gain a full outer shell?

A

Accept electrons to form negative ions
Can also share electrons

34
Q

What do groups tell us?

A

The number of electrons in the outer shell

35
Q

What are atoms in group 1 called?

A

The alkali metals

36
Q

What are characteristics of group 1 metals?

A

-Ions are all (1)+
-React with water to produce an alkali
-Get more reactive down the group

37
Q

Why do metals become more reactive down the group?

A

-The outer electron is further from the nucleus
-Donated more readily as the force of attraction is less

38
Q

What are atoms in group 7 called?

A

The halogens

39
Q

What are characteristics of group 7 atoms?

A

-Ions are all (1)-
-Become less reactive down the group
-Boiling point increases down the group

40
Q

Why do group 7 atoms become less reactive down the group?

A

-The outer shell is further from the nucleus
-The electrostatic force between the nucleus and the outer shell is weaker

41
Q

Why are noble gases (group 8) very unreactive?

A

They already have an empty/full outer shell

42
Q

Why can you get different ions of transition metale.g. Iron (II), Iron (III)?

A

They can donate different numbers of electrons

Chemistry paper 1 (5 decks)

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