Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio > C1: Biological Macromolecules (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

C1: Biological Macromolecules (Ch. 2) Flashcards

Class 1 (47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how are polymers formed? broken?

A

dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis aka hydration rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the r group of the amino acid glycine. what does it look like?

A

R= H, very flexible
* SEE INDEX CARDS*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the r group of the amino acid proline. what does it look like?

A

R= secondary amino loop, very rigid
SEE INDEX CARDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the r group of the amino acid cysteine. what does it look like?

A

R= CH2SH, can form disulfide bridges.
- has terminal sulfur at the end
* SEE INDEX CARDS*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does methionine look like?

A

contains sulfur at the beginning (start codon AUG)
* SEE INDEX CARDS*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in a primary protein structure, what are amino acids connected by?
- what does this structure show you?
- are these bonds covalent/ noncovalent? what enzymes can break these bonds?
- this structure is due to what kind of interaction?

A
  • peptide bonds
  • the actual sequence of amino acids
  • covalent, can be broken by protease and peptidase
  • due to backbone interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are polypeptides synthesized?

A

from the N terminus to the C terminus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the backbone of primary proteins look like?

A

N-C-C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in a secondary protein structure, what kind of bonds are there? what kind of shapes are formed within these structures?
- what does this structure show you?
- this structure is due to what kind of interaction?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • interactions between amino acid backbones
  • alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
  • backbone interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a tertiary protein structure aka?
- what does this structure show you?
- this structure is due to what kind of interaction?

A
  • protein folding
  • interaction of its amino acid side chains
  • r group interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 3 types of non covalent tertiary structure folding?

A
  • nonpolar w nonpolar
  • polar neutral w polar neutral
  • acidic w basic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the type of covalent tertiary structure folding?

A

cysteine w cysteine, which creates a disulfide bridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the only amino acid that can form disulfide bridges?

A

cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a thiol?

A

an SH group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is quaternary protein structure due to?
- what does this structure show you?
- what are 2 examples of quaternary structure? what is the structure of these?

A
  • r group interactions
  • interaction of two seperate protein structures
  • hemoglobin and immunoglobulin aka antibody. structure is 4 peptide chains connected by quaternary protein structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is K-Ras?

A

a protein made up of amino acid monomers connected by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

at physiological pH, what happens to the carboxylic acid part of an amino acid?
- what about the amino group?

A
  • COOH is deprotonated to COO-
  • NH2 is protonated to NH3^+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?
- what is the formula for them?

Study These Flashcards
A

monosaccharides
- CnH2nOn

20
Q

what are the 5 important monosaccharides?
- which are hexoses/pentoses?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
    (hexoses)
  • ribose
  • deoxyribose
    (pentoses)
21
Q

what is the bond of a disaccharide?
- what is the formula?

Study These Flashcards
A

glycosidic linkage
- C12H22O11

22
Q

what is sucrose made up of and what kind of carbohydrate is it?

Study These Flashcards
A

glucose and fructose, disaccharide

23
Q

what is lactose made up of and what kind of carbohydrate is it?

Study These Flashcards
A

glucose and galactose, disaccharide

24
Q

what is maltose made up of and what kind of carbohydrate is it?

Study These Flashcards
A

glucose and glucose, disaccharide

25
what polysaccharide provides sugar storage in animals?
glycogen
26
what polysaccharide provides sugar storage in plants?
starch
27
what polysaccharide is the plant cell wall made up of?
cellulose
28
what is the bacterial cell wall made up of? fungal cell wall?
- peptidoglycan - chitin
29
what is the technical name for fat?
triglyceride
30
what is the lipid bilayer?
hydrophobic interactions made up of phospholipids to make an orderly structure
31
what is the monomer of lipids?
hydrocarbons in fatty acids (the CH3 and CH2 groups in fatty acids)
32
what are the characteristics of a saturated fatty acid?
- all single bonds - saturated w hydrogen atoms - pack tightly - solid at room temp
33
what are the characteristics of an unsaturated fatty acid?
- have one or more double bonds - kinks in fatty acid chain - cant pack together well - liquid at room temp
34
what is a triglyceride? - what is its function? - what is an ex of it in the body?
a fatty acid made up of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains - function is to eat and store fat - ex is adipocytes aka fat cells in adipose tissue aka fat tissue
35
what is a phospholipid? - is it polar/ nonpolar? - what is its function?
a fatty acid made up of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group - amphipathic - is the main component of membranes
36
what is cholesterol? - what does it look like? - what kind of hormone does it make? - what is its role in the plasma mem?
a fatty acid made of a tetracyclic ring system * SEE INDEX CARDS* - makes steroid hormones - determines whether plasma mems are rigid or fluid
37
what is the monomer of a nucleic acid? - what are the subcomponents of this monomer? - what is the main ex of this monomer?
- nucleotide - phosphate, ribose, nitrogenous base. these last 2 form a nucleoside - ATP
38
what are 2 important types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
39
what are the pyrimidines?
cytosine, thymine, uracil
40
what are the purines?
adenine, guanine
41
how is DNA synthesized? - how are the nitrogenous bases paired? how many H bonds do they have? - how are nucelotides connected?
- 5' to 3', antiparallel, complementary - T to A, 2 H bonds C to G, 3 H bonds - phosphodiester bonds
42
what is the sugar of DNA called? - what is its function? - how stable is it? - how long is its lifespan?
- deoxyribose - genome - very stable - long lifespan
43
what is the sugar of RNA called? - what are its pyrimidines? - how does it base pair? - how is it standed? - what is its function? - how stable is it? - how long is its lifespan?
- ribose - C and U - C to G and A to U - single - gene expression - low stability - short lifespan
44
what are micelles?
made up of substances that have polar and nonpolar regions (amphipathic)
45
what is the polarity of inorganic salts?
very polar
46
enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?
proteins
47
what kind of macromolecule is insulin? - describe its structure
- protein - 2 peptide chains

Bio (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions