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Manufacturing > C1-Emulsion > Flashcards

C1-Emulsion Flashcards

1
Q

Multi-Homo composition

A

two stirring elements ( anchor stirrer, spiral stirrer and a homogeniter

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2
Q

anchor stirrer

A

equipped with two scraping arms

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3
Q

which flow does the anchor stirrer creats?

A

tangential flow inside the vessel

vigorous radial mixing of materials

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4
Q

spiral stirrerr

A

axial mixing of matrial and efficient vetical heat transfer

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5
Q

homogenizer

A

it is installed and operated independently of the two stirring elements

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6
Q

on what does the function of homogenzier based

A

rotor-stator principle

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7
Q

what’s the importance of vigorous radial mixer?

A

a strong suction force draws the material from th vessel into the whirl chamber of the homogenizer

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8
Q

when does the actual homogenization process takes place?

A

as the materials are pushed to the outside through the gap space between the rotor and stator

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9
Q

Stephan composition?

A

one stirring element, which is the centrally rotating knife

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10
Q

what are the movements of the centrally rotating knife?

A

radial and axial movements

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11
Q

Ultra-turrax is based on?

A

rotor stator principle

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12
Q

what’s the main different between the ultra-turrax and the multi-homo

A

ultra-turrax has a higher circumferential speed

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13
Q

movement of the ultra-turrax

A

frequency shear, mechanical impact, collision, hydrodynamic potential gradients and turbulent fluid movements

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14
Q

Bernoulli equation and cavitation

A

it states that the total energy of a flowing fluid

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15
Q

what’s the bernoulli effect?

A

an increase in the flowing speed of a fluid (increase in kinetic energy) will be accompanied by a decrease in it static pressure (decrease pressure energy)

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16
Q

what’s the resulting effect of the bernoulli effect

A

the phenomenon of cavitation

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17
Q

what happend when the local pressure inside the gap area drops the vapor pressure

A

the liquid vaporizes and forms gas bubbles

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18
Q

what happend after exiting?

A

the static pressure of the liquid increases and surpasses the vapor pressure, gas bubbles will violently implode

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19
Q

what is the results of the implosions?

A

it leads to cavitation fragmentation , helps to break down liquid droplets

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20
Q

high pressure homogenizer

A

primary function of this device is to homogenize and not to generate an emlsion from starting materials

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21
Q

requirement of the HPH

A

has to be pre-emulsified mixture

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22
Q

three major types of force in the HPH

A

fragmentation, cavitation, shear and turbulence

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23
Q

cavitation fragmentation

A

pressure outside the gap is higher than the vapor pressure, whereas the pressure inside the gap is smaller,

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24
Q

shear fragmentation

A

the tiny gap disrupts movement of the fliud and gives rise to a high shear force

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25
Q

tubulence fragmentation

A

when existing the gap, the liquid forms a jet and the disintegration of this jet leads to small eddies

26
Q

two main parameter of the HPH?

A

homogenization pressure and the number of homogenization cycles

27
Q

what is the quantification of the laser diffraction with droplet size of emulsions

A

the droplet size is directly proportional to the intensity of light scattered by a droplet and inversely proportional to the angle of the laser beam

28
Q

how is the DSD measured in emsulsions?

A

Laser differecation analysis, by measuring the angular variation in intensity of light scattered as a laser beam passes through a sample

29
Q

how are smaller droplets in emulsions generated?

A

by using equipment with high mechanical energy, becuase to a certain extent smaler droplets can be generated

30
Q

why are emulsion just meta-stable and how do you achieve the meta stable state?

A

With a emulsifier, the emulsions can be stabilizied kinetically, refereing to as a meta stable state

31
Q

how can the particle velocity be decrease?

A

accoring to the stokes’ law,

reduction of the particle size or increase the viscosity of the external phase

32
Q

defination of emulsion?

A

disperse system of two immiscible liquid

33
Q

continental method?

A

emulsifier is tured into a suspension by dispersing it in the internal phase

then adding of the external pahse

english method: emulsifier dissolved in the external phase

34
Q

what is responsible for the formation of droplet using emulsion divices?

A

solely on the mechanical energy input, which will lead to the phase inversion

35
Q

opaque and translucent occure with which equipment?

A

stephan translucent and multi-homo, Ultra Turrax and homogenizer opaque

36
Q

transulcent is an indication for?

A

creaming

37
Q

meaurement of the dropelt size of an transulcent and opaque system?

A

light is less likely to be scattered in a transulcent systme compared to the opque system

38
Q

why was autoclave carried out?

A

for sterilization at 121°C for 15 min at 2 bar

39
Q

why do we have an entlargment of droplets after autoclave?

A

Due to decrease of the viscosity, resulating to an increase of the creaming rate

increase of the particle velosity

40
Q

what is the critical micelle concentration?

A

it is the limit at which a larger amount of emulsifer may futher lower the interfacial energy, thefore delay creaming

41
Q

which model can be used in a FFD and CCD?

A 
a linear model for FFD
quadratic correlations (CCD)
42
Q

CCd consist of ?

A

FFC, central point and star points

43
Q

rotatable design?

A

give very narrow confidence intervalts, depends on the vector length but not direction

44
Q

orthogonality?

A

prevents collinearity by an independent estimation of the coeefficient

45
Q

why is rotation more important than othogonality

A

becuase the design can be easily transofrmed into an orthogonal design by addition of runs, but not the other way around

46
Q

equation for rotation

A

do you know it?

47
Q

equation for total numbers of runs for oth

A

do you know it?

48
Q

equation forstar points?

A

do you know it?

49
Q

Q2 is?

A

it takes the ability of the model to predit values into account

50
Q

what are gels?

A

liquid immobilized by a suitbale gelling agent

51
Q

gels properties?

A

spreading properties under shear stress and great elastic pressure

52
Q

what’s the critical property of gels?

A

yield point

53
Q

behaviour of a viscous fluid happend when?

A

when the applied shear stress is higher than the yield point

54
Q

below the yield point?

A

elastic solid

55
Q

what’s the immobilizing mechanism if the gel?

A

it is it’s swelling in water to reduce, increasing the system’s viscosity

56
Q

example for a gelling agent?

A

carbomers, high molecular-weight polyacrylic acid slight cross-linked with polyalkene ethers of surga or polyalcohols

57
Q

what happend water water ia added to carbomers?

A

it takeup water to sweel and uncoil it polymer chains

58
Q

the addition of base to the carbomers?

A

chains will reple each other due to electrostatci repulsions, results to complete uncoiling and stretching of the polymer chains

59
Q

what’s the diiferent in energy input for emulsion and gel preparations?

A

smaller energy is used for gel compared to emulsions

60
Q

why smaller input of energy in gel?

A

because it is thermodynamically stable systems

61
Q

what happend when more energy is used during the gel pre.

A

leads to disruption if the 3-D network and results in a loss of consistent gel structure

Manufacturing (7 decks)

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