C1 - the important bits / weaknesses

Question 1

explain why today’s atmosphere in different from the earth early atmosphere

Answer 1

less carbon dioxide

more oxygen

Question 2

how were the oceans formed?

Answer 2

water vapour condensed

Question 3

3 ways that human activity is changing the atmosphere

Answer 3

burning fossil fuels
livestock farming
deforestation

Question 4

when is a natural activity that is changing the atmosphere?

Answer 4

volcanic activity

Question 5

how could you investigate the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere?

Answer 5

iron wool > iron oxide

Question 6

name the three types of rocks

Answer 6

sedimentary
metamorphic
igneous

Question 7

what type of rock is marble and how is it formed?

Answer 7

metamorphic

heat and pressure

Question 8

what type of rock is chalk?

Answer 8

sedimentary

Question 9

what is the difference in the way the crystals of extrusive and intrusive rocks form

Answer 9

extrusive - quickly

intrusive - slowly

Question 10

name three building materials made from limestone

Answer 10

cement
concrete
glass
sand

Question 11

what is thermal decomposition?

Answer 11

the decomposition of carbonated to produce Carbon dioxide

Question 12

write down the symbol equation showing the thermal decomposition of limestone

Answer 12

CaCO(3) > CaO + Co(2)

Question 13

how could you test for Carbon dioxide in a thermal decomposition reaction?

Answer 13

it would turn the limewater cloudy/milky

Question 14

write down the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition reaction of zinc carbonate

Answer 14

ZnCO(3) > ZnO + CO(2)

Question 15

what product can be made by adding water to calcium oxide and why is it useful?

Answer 15

calcium hydroxide (limewater) which can be used to test for Carbon dioxide

Question 16

are atoms lost/made in a reaction or just rearranged?

Answer 16

rearranged because atoms aren’t lost or made in a chemical reaction

Question 17

what is a precipitate?

Answer 17

the insoluble solid that is formed when two solutions react

Question 18

if you carry out a reaction in a sealed container, what would you notice about the mass of the reactants and products?

Answer 18

there would be no change because no reactants or pedicure can’t escape

Question 19

what does a number in front of a formula apply to?

Answer 19

the amount of atoms that specific element has

Question 20

what is the state symbol for “dissolved in water”

Answer 20

aq

Question 21

name the two main gases that make up the earths atmosphere today

Answer 21

nitrogen, oxygen, Carbon dioxide and other gases

Question 22

do acids have a pH greater or less than 7?

Answer 22

less

Question 23

name the acid produced by the stomach

Answer 23

hydrochloric acid

Question 24

how do indigestion tablets work?

Answer 24

they neutralise the excess acid in the stomach

Question 25

what do you get when you react an acid with a metal oxide?

Answer 25

salt and water (maybe Carbon dioxide)

Question 26

is the anode positive or negative?

Answer 26

positive

Question 27

are anions attracted to the anode?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

how would you test for hydrogen gas?

Answer 28

the gas would make a "squeaky pop" sound when lighted

Question 29

name a product of the electrolysis of salt

Answer 29

water

Question 30

when water undergoes electrolysis, what gases are given off?

Answer 30

hydrogen and oxygen

Question 31

what is a metal ore?

Answer 31

two or more elements combined to form a compound which has enough of a metal to make it wort. extracting

Question 32

what is the difference between oxidation and reeducation?

Answer 32

oxidation is the gaining of oxygen, reduction is the removal of oxygen

Question 33

what are the two ways which metals are often extracted from their ores?

Answer 33

electrolysis and heating with Carbon

Question 34

what is bauxite?

Answer 34

the main ore of aluminium

Question 35

metals are used for car bodies, saucepan based and electrical wires. for each of these uses give one reason why metals are appropriate

Answer 35

flexible/strong conducts heat conducts electricity

Question 36

why are metals high in the reactivity series more likely to corrode?

Answer 36

because they're more likely to react

Question 37

why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

Answer 37

pure metals have all the same sized atoms in a regular arrangement so the layers of metals can easily slide over each other, however, alloys have different sizes atoms because there is more than one element so it STOPS the layers of metals from sliding over eachother / move

Question 38

give three reasons why it is good to recycle metals

Answer 38

save resources saves money uses less energy

Question 39

what does crude oil consist of and what does fractional distillation do to crude oil?

Answer 39

a mixture of different sized hydrocarbon molecules | fractional distillations splits up the crude oil into more useful separate fractions / fuels

Question 40

what's so clever about smart alloys?

Answer 40

they have shape memory so when heated they can convert back to there original shape - E.g nitinol (nickel and titanium)

Question 41

what is produced during complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 41

Carbon dioxide and oxygen and energy

Question 42

what are four things you might want to consider when deciding on the best fuel to use

Answer 42

ease of ignition energy value ash and smoke storage and tansport

Question 43

explain how incomplete combustion can be harmful to humans

Answer 43

it can kill lots of people because carbon monoxide is a product which is a colourless, odourless and very toxic (poisonous) gas

Question 44

what problems are associated with acid rain?

Answer 44

cause lakes to become acidic and many places still and animals die as a result kills trees and damages limestone buildings ruins stone statues

Question 45

list three ways of reducing acid rain

Answer 45

reduce usage of fossil fuels cats being fitted with catalytic converters to clean up their exhaust gases power stations have acid gas scrubbers to take harmful gases out before they release their fumes into the atmosphere

Question 46

list two ways in which human activity is increasing Carbon dioxide levels

Answer 46

burning fossil fuels | deforestation

Question 47

what are biofuels?

Answer 47

fuels that are made my microorganisms that are renewable and remove Carbon dioxide from the air

Question 48

what are the reactants and products in fuel cells?

Answer 48

fuel + oxygen = energy

Question 49

what is a fuel cell?

Answer 49

an electrical cell that's supplied with a fuel and oxygen and users energy from the reaction between them to generate electricity

Question 50

list one advantage and one disadvantage of fuel cells

Answer 50

advantage = much more efficient than power stations or batteries at producing energy electricity is generated directly from the reaction disadvantage = it won't end the use of fossil fuels because it's very explosive so it is difficult to store safety

Question 51

how would you if it was an alkene/alkane or has single/double bonds?

Answer 51

add bromine water - remains the colour of bromine water = alkane - declolourise/turns clear = alkene

Question 52

what are monomers?

Answer 52

small molecules e.g. alkenes

Question 53

what are polymers?

Answer 53

long chains of molecules that are lots of joined up monomers (small molecules)

Question 54

how is igneous rock formed?

Answer 54

magma cooling and solidifying

Question 55

why do extrusive igneous rocks have different sized crystals than intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 55

they cool quicker

Question 56

extrusive rocks have big/small sized crystals

Answer 56

small

Question 57

intrusive igneous rocks have big/small sized crystals

Answer 57

big

Question 58

give two examples of sedimentary rocks

Answer 58

limestone and chalk

Question 59

give an example of a metamorphic rock

Answer 59

marble

Question 60

give an example of an igneous rock

Answer 60

granite

Question 61

what can be found in sedimentary rocks?

Answer 61

fossils

Question 62

why are fossils never found in igneous rocks?

Answer 62

they are exposed to too high temperatures

Question 63

what is the chemical name for chalk, marble and limestone?

Answer 63

calcium carbonate

Question 64

give an advantage of quarrying limestone

Answer 64

provides jobs - better economy | limestone gives people what they want - roads etc

Question 65

give an disadvantage of quarrying limestone

Answer 65

noisy in remote areas pollution from transporting limestone detritus landscape

Question 66

what can you make from calcium carbonate?

Answer 66

``` cement concrete glass buildings statues ```

Question 67

what is thermal decomposition?

Answer 67

the breaking down of a compound into two other elements using electrical heat

Question 68

what happens to limewater when Carbon dioxide is bubbles through it?

Answer 68

becomes cloudy/turns milky

Question 69

what happens to the mass of react bars and the mass of products during a chemical reaction?

Answer 69

stays the same

Question 70

why do farmers add calcium yo their soil?

Answer 70

neutralises the acid in the soil

Question 71

why does your stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

Answer 71

to break down food | kill bacteria

Question 72

what type of chemical do we use to neutralise acids?

Answer 72

bases - alkalis

Question 73

what is the reaction called when an acid becomes neutral by using an alkali?

Answer 73

neutralisation

Question 74

what colour and pH is neutral when using universal indicator?

Answer 74

Green | pH 7

Question 75

a hydrochloric acid produces what salts?

Answer 75

chloride

Question 76

a nitric acid produces what salts?

Answer 76

nitrate

Question 77

a sulfuric acid produces what salts?

Answer 77

sulfate

Question 78

what does electrolysis mean?

Answer 78

the breaking down of a compound using electricity

Question 79

when you pass electricity through hydrochloric acid, what two things are made?

Answer 79

hydrogen and chlorine

Question 80

describe the chemical test for chlorine

Answer 80

blue/damp litmus paper bleached

Question 81

describe the chemical test for hydrogen

Answer 81

when lite makes a squeaky pop sound

Question 82

describe the chemical test for oxygen

Answer 82

relight a glowing splint

Question 83

where are most ores found?

Answer 83

earths crust

Question 84

how are most unreactive metals found?

Answer 84

in their native state - uncombined

Question 85

give the name of a metal that is extracted by heating with Carbon

Answer 85

zinc tin iron Nickel

Question 86

why are different metals extracted in different ways?

Answer 86

some are more reactive than others

Question 87

what does oxidation mean?

Answer 87

adding of oxygen > oxides

Question 88

what does reduction mean?

Answer 88

removal of oxygen

Question 89

what reaction is it when you extract metals from their ores?

Answer 89

oxidation

Question 90

what does corrosion mean?

Answer 90

when the metal corrodes / reacts with oxygen in the air

Question 91

re ire the order of the reactivity series, starting with the most reactive

Answer 91

``` potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium Carbon zin iron tin lead ```

Question 92

metals are hard to oxidise or corrode when they are found where in the reactivity series?

Answer 92

bottom - least reactive

Question 93

3 advantages of recycling

Answer 93

less energy less money less resources

Question 94

what is a disadvantage of recycling?

Answer 94

can be expensive

Question 95

give a use for aluminium and why it is used for it

Answer 95

aircrafts | low density

Question 96

give a use for gold and why it is used for it

Answer 96

jewellery - can be shaped / doesn't corrode

Question 97

give a use for steel and why it is used for it

Answer 97

electrical pipes > good conductor

Question 98

give 2 reason why iron is made into an alloy

Answer 98

it is harder so it has a more stable structure

Question 99

what is an alloy?

Answer 99

when 2 or more elements combine/react

Question 100

sea water is sodium chloride solution, when decomposed one product is a toxic gas, which is it?

Answer 100

chlorine

Question 101

give a safety precaution that should be taken when collecting toxic gas

Answer 101

gas masks must be worn so that you don't breathe it in

Question 102

what are the three conditions for cracking?

Answer 102

high temperature catalyst long chain alkane

Question 103

why is cracking useful?

Answer 103

shorter chains have a wider variety of uses