C10 Organic Reactions Flashcards
what is a homologous group?
a family of organic compounds with the same functional group
general formula of an alkene
CnH2n
what happens to an alkene’s bonding in an addition reaction
atoms are added across the double carbon bond
which ‘opens up’
becoming saturated
how does an alkene react with hydrogen
and why?
alkene + hydrogen ⇌ alkane
alkene has two less than the max number of hydrogen atoms
2 hydrogen atoms (H2) are added across the double carbon bond
which ‘opens up’
becoming a saturated hydrocarbon i.e. alkane
functional group
and formula of alcohols
-OH
CnH(2n+1)OH
how must an alkene react to form an alcohol
alkene + water (steam) -> alcohol
what conditions are needed for an alkene to react with hydrogen
- a catalyst,
- high temperature and pressure (requiring energy)
functional group
and formula of carboxylic acids
-COOH
Cn(h2n+1)COOH
functional group of esters
-COO-
uses of alcohols
solvents (in perfumes, aftershaves, mouthwashes)
beverages
fuels
2 ways ethanol can be made
fermenting yeast with sugars from plant material
alkene + steam in high temp, high pressure and over a catalyst
describe how alcohol burns in air
- completely combust, forming carbon dioxide and water,
conditions for fermentation
- sugars dissolved in water, mixed with yeast,
- air lock to prevent air entering but allow carbon dioxide out,
- warm temp (25 to 35 degrees C)
how do alcohols react with sodium
- forms alcohol compound and hydrogen gas effervescence,
- vigorous,
- the sodium shrinks and forms a solution with the alcohol,
- the sodium compound formed, when dissolved in water, forms an alkaline solution (due to OH- ions).
word equation for an alcohol being oxidised by an oxidising agent
alcohol + oxygen atoms from oxidising agent -> carboxylic acid + water
