C10 Sustainable Development

Question 1

What do we use the earths resources for?

Answer 1

Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport

Question 2

Sustainable

Answer 2

Being able to replenish to the same degree or higher than that of what we use

Question 3

Finite resource

Answer 3

One that can not be made again

Crude oil, coal and iron core

Question 4

Using data

Answer 4

By using per capita is allows us to identify the how much we are using of each resource in different places
Also when we are looking at pathways for chemical reactions

Question 5

Potable water

Answer 5

Water that is safe to drink

Question 6

Producing potable water

Answer 6

Aquifers

Wells

Question 7

Water treatment

Answer 7

Sedimentation of particles so that solids drop to the bottom
Filtration of very fine particles using sand
Sterilisation to kill microbes. Sterilising agents include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light

Question 8

Potable water from sea water

Answer 8

Desalination

Reverse osmosis

Question 9

Potable water for all

Answer 9

People require water but to produce it it requires the burning of fossil fuels
Glaciers are also water sources

Question 10

RP: Analysis and purification of water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillation

Answer 10

Distillation technique

Test for purity by looking at the boiling point

Question 11

Sampling equation

Answer 11

Sample size for each section = side of whole sample X size of section

Question 12

Septic tanks

Answer 12

Allow anaerobic bacteria to develop that treat the water by decomposing it.
Sludge is collected at the base whilst clean water flows out of finger drains
Tank needs to be emptied periodically

Question 13

Sewage treatment includes:

Answer 13

Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

Question 14

The water footprint

Answer 14

The demand for water is increasing

We can monitor the water recycled and used in different areas like in reservoirs, industry, municipal and agriculture

Question 15

Phytomining

Answer 15

Uses plants to absorb metal compounds.

They absorb metals through their roots and the plants are burned to extract the metals

Question 16

Hyperaccumulators

Answer 16

Plants that absorb toxic metals and concentrated them in their tissue

Question 17

Bioleaching

Answer 17

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions containing metal compounds
Compounds are the processed through electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron.
Cleaner process than traditional leaching using cyanide

Question 18

Phytomining and Bioleaching evaluation

Answer 18

Is effective at removing metal
Smelting processes provide greater economic advantages
Would be helpful to sustainable cycle if used in brown sites to clean up toxic metals

Question 19

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Answer 19

Asses the environmental impact of a product in each stage of its life

Question 20

Stages in a simple LCA are to consider

Answer 20

Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing the product and packaging
The use and operation of the product during its life time
Disposal at the end of its useful life
Transport and distribution are included at each stage

Question 21

Qualitative data

Answer 21

Description with numerical data

Question 22

Quantitative data

Answer 22

Numerical terms

Question 23

Reusing

Answer 23

Using the material again

Question 24

Recycling

Answer 24

Using the old material to make a new object

Question 25

The resume and recycling of materials reduces

Answer 25

The use of limited resources The use of energy sources Waste The environmental impact

Question 26

What components are needed for rusting?

Answer 26

Air and water

Question 27

By reducing corrosion

Answer 27

We reduce the need for new materials

Question 28

Corrosion prevention methods

Answer 28

greasing painting electroplating Natural oxide coating (on aluminium)

Question 29

Rusting

Answer 29

Redox reaction with the equation | Iron + oxygen + water= hydrated iron (III) oxide

Question 30

Galvanising

Answer 30

Protects iron from rusting by covering it with a layer of zinc Zinc acts as a sacrificial metal

Question 31

Oxidation of iron can be written as a half equation

Answer 31

Fe^3+ = Fe + 3e^-

Question 32

Alloys

Answer 32

Mixture of metals to make them harder, more durable and therefore more useful

Question 33

Glass

Answer 33

Soda lime glass is the most common glass Sand,sodium carbonate and limestone Borosilicate glass- sand, boron trioxide (melts at higher temps)

Question 34

Ceramics

Answer 34

Shaping wet clay in and heating in a furnace

Question 35

Composites

Answer 35

Made of two materials | Is then reinforced with a binder

Question 36

Polymers

Answer 36

Low density and high density poly(ethene) are produced from ethene Made using different catalysts and different reaction conditions Are thermosoftening polymers

Question 37

Thermosoftening

Answer 37

Flexible Can be made into fibres Polymer chains move more freely over each other when heated

Question 38

Thermosetting

Answer 38

Hard and brittle | Polymer chains are linked across chains by cross links so do not re soften on heating

Question 39

Haber process

Answer 39

Nitrogen + hydrogen = ammonia Uses a ctalyst of iron at high temperatures High pressure and lower temp needed for high yield

Question 40

Extracting nitrogen from air

Answer 40

By cytogenetic distillation (Making the mixture colder) This requires a lot of energy as no oxygen can be present as it affects the catalyst(Iron) Very costly as extraction is repeated several times

Question 41

Minerals plants need

Answer 41

Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium (NPK)

Question 42

Enriching the soil using

Answer 42

Animal mature Natural deposits of minerals Synthetic fertilisers

Question 43

Making fertilisers in a laboratory

Answer 43

1. Use a measuring cylinder to pour alkali into a conical flask 2. Add acid to the alkali until it is neutralised 3. Evaporate solution in a evaporating basin 4. Filter off the crystals

Question 44

Industrial production of fertilisers

Answer 44

A. Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium salts and nitric acid B. Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate C. Phosphoric acid is neutralised with ammonia to produce ammonium phosphate

Question 45

Ammonia phosphate equation

Answer 45

NH3 + H3PO4 = (NH4)3PO4

Question 46

Making nitric acid

Answer 46

Oxidation Oxidation Reversible reaction Absorption

Question 47

Calcium nitrate

Answer 47

Made by adding nitric acid to an alkali or carbonate in lab | In industry acid is added to phosphate rock