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GCSE Chemisty > C10 Sustainable Development > Flashcards

C10 Sustainable Development Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use the earths resources for?

A

Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport

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2
Q

Sustainable

A

Being able to replenish to the same degree or higher than that of what we use

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3
Q

Finite resource

A

One that can not be made again

Crude oil, coal and iron core

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4
Q

Using data

A

By using per capita is allows us to identify the how much we are using of each resource in different places
Also when we are looking at pathways for chemical reactions

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5
Q

Potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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6
Q

Producing potable water

A

Aquifers

Wells

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7
Q

Water treatment

A

Sedimentation of particles so that solids drop to the bottom
Filtration of very fine particles using sand
Sterilisation to kill microbes. Sterilising agents include chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light

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8
Q

Potable water from sea water

A

Desalination

Reverse osmosis

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9
Q

Potable water for all

A

People require water but to produce it it requires the burning of fossil fuels
Glaciers are also water sources

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10
Q

RP: Analysis and purification of water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillation

A

Distillation technique

Test for purity by looking at the boiling point

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11
Q

Sampling equation

A

Sample size for each section = side of whole sample X size of section

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12
Q

Septic tanks

A

Allow anaerobic bacteria to develop that treat the water by decomposing it.
Sludge is collected at the base whilst clean water flows out of finger drains
Tank needs to be emptied periodically

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13
Q

Sewage treatment includes:

A

Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

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14
Q

The water footprint

A

The demand for water is increasing

We can monitor the water recycled and used in different areas like in reservoirs, industry, municipal and agriculture

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15
Q

Phytomining

A

Uses plants to absorb metal compounds.

They absorb metals through their roots and the plants are burned to extract the metals

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16
Q

Hyperaccumulators

A

Plants that absorb toxic metals and concentrated them in their tissue

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17
Q

Bioleaching

A

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions containing metal compounds
Compounds are the processed through electrolysis or displacement using scrap iron.
Cleaner process than traditional leaching using cyanide

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18
Q

Phytomining and Bioleaching evaluation

A

Is effective at removing metal
Smelting processes provide greater economic advantages
Would be helpful to sustainable cycle if used in brown sites to clean up toxic metals

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19
Q

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

A

Asses the environmental impact of a product in each stage of its life

20
Q

Stages in a simple LCA are to consider

A

Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing the product and packaging
The use and operation of the product during its life time
Disposal at the end of its useful life
Transport and distribution are included at each stage

21
Q

Qualitative data

A

Description with numerical data

22
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numerical terms

23
Q

Reusing

A

Using the material again

24
Q

Recycling

A

Using the old material to make a new object

25
Q

The resume and recycling of materials reduces

A

The use of limited resources
The use of energy sources
Waste
The environmental impact

26
Q

What components are needed for rusting?

A

Air and water

27
Q

By reducing corrosion

A

We reduce the need for new materials

28
Q

Corrosion prevention methods

A

greasing
painting
electroplating
Natural oxide coating (on aluminium)

29
Q

Rusting

A

Redox reaction with the equation

Iron + oxygen + water= hydrated iron (III) oxide

30
Q

Galvanising

A

Protects iron from rusting by covering it with a layer of zinc
Zinc acts as a sacrificial metal

31
Q

Oxidation of iron can be written as a half equation

A

Fe^3+ = Fe + 3e^-

32
Q

Alloys

A

Mixture of metals to make them harder, more durable and therefore more useful

33
Q

Glass

A

Soda lime glass is the most common glass
Sand,sodium carbonate and limestone
Borosilicate glass- sand, boron trioxide (melts at higher temps)

34
Q

Ceramics

A

Shaping wet clay in and heating in a furnace

35
Q

Composites

A

Made of two materials

Is then reinforced with a binder

36
Q

Polymers

A

Low density and high density poly(ethene) are produced from ethene
Made using different catalysts and different reaction conditions
Are thermosoftening polymers

37
Q

Thermosoftening

A

Flexible
Can be made into fibres
Polymer chains move more freely over each other when heated

38
Q

Thermosetting

A

Hard and brittle

Polymer chains are linked across chains by cross links so do not re soften on heating

39
Q

Haber process

A

Nitrogen + hydrogen = ammonia
Uses a ctalyst of iron at high temperatures
High pressure and lower temp needed for high yield

40
Q

Extracting nitrogen from air

A

By cytogenetic distillation (Making the mixture colder)
This requires a lot of energy as no oxygen can be present as it affects the catalyst(Iron)
Very costly as extraction is repeated several times

41
Q

Minerals plants need

A

Nitrogen
Phosphate
Potassium
(NPK)

42
Q

Enriching the soil using

A

Animal mature
Natural deposits of minerals
Synthetic fertilisers

43
Q

Making fertilisers in a laboratory

A
  1. Use a measuring cylinder to pour alkali into a conical flask
  2. Add acid to the alkali until it is neutralised
  3. Evaporate solution in a evaporating basin
  4. Filter off the crystals
44
Q

Industrial production of fertilisers

A

A. Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium salts and nitric acid
B. Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
C. Phosphoric acid is neutralised with ammonia to produce ammonium phosphate

45
Q

Ammonia phosphate equation

A

NH3 + H3PO4 = (NH4)3PO4

46
Q

Making nitric acid

A

Oxidation
Oxidation
Reversible reaction
Absorption

47
Q

Calcium nitrate

A

Made by adding nitric acid to an alkali or carbonate in lab

In industry acid is added to phosphate rock

GCSE Chemisty (10 decks)

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