C2 structure,bonding and the properties of matter

Question 1

Ionic bonding

Answer 1

Metals and non metals
Partials are oppositely charged ions
Structure- large crystals made from ions attracted to each other by electrostatic attraction
Room temp- solids
Melting point- high
Conductor of electricity- not when solid, yes when molten

Question 2

Covalent bonding

Answer 2

Compounds of non metals and in most non metallic elements
Atoms that share pairs of electrons
Structure- molecules made from atoms bonded by covalent bonds
Room temp- liquid and gases
Melting point- low
Conductor of electricity- no or very little
Very strong

Question 3

Metallic bonding

Answer 3

Metallic elements and alloys
Atoms that share delecoalised electrons
Structure- lumps or sheets of metal made from atoms packed together so that the delocalised electrons move through the fixed position
Room temp- solids (expect Mercury liquid)
Melting point- high
Sharing delocalised electrons makes strong bonds
Conductor of electricity- yes, good conductor

Question 4

When metals and non metals transfer electrons

Answer 4

Atoms become charged. Make ions.
Metal is positively charged
Non metal is negatively charged 
Ionic bonding
Positive and negative attracted by electrostatic attraction

Question 5

Why do atoms bond

Answer 5

To make stable electronic structures
It is easier for metals to lose electrons and become positive ions
And easier for non metals to gain electrons to become negative ions

Question 6

Giant structures

Answer 6

An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions in a lattice

Question 7

Ball and stick diagram pros

Answer 7

The structure in 3D
The charges on the ions
The arrangement of ions in 3D
The type of ions in all directions

Question 8

Ball and stick cons

Answer 8

Ions are actually closer together

Gives false image of bond direction when it is only electrostatic attraction

Question 9

Ball and stick best represents

Answer 9

The number and type of ions in 3D

Question 10

Close packed pros

Answer 10

The structure in 3D
The charges on the ions
The arrangement of ions
In 2D (look at the front face of the diagram)
The closeness of ions

Question 11

Close packed cons

Answer 11

Difficult to see arrangement of ions in 3D

Question 12

Close packed best represents

Answer 12

The way that ions are packed close together

Question 13

States of matter

Answer 13

Solid} sublimation} gas
Gas} condensation} liquid 
Liquid} boiling} gas
Liquid} freezing} solid
Solid} melting} liquid

Question 14

In melting and boiling

Answer 14

Forces between particles decrease
Distance between particles increases
Arrangement becomes more random
Particles move more so need more energy from surroundings

Question 15

In freezing and condensing

Answer 15

The strength of the particles remains the same
Distance between particles decreases
Arrangement becomes less random
Particles move less so less energy required from surroundings

Question 16

Limitations of simple model

Answer 16

There are no forces represented between spheres
All particles represented as spheres
The spheres are represented as solid and inelastic

Question 17

Small molecule

Answer 17

2 or 3 atoms joined together with no charge
Relatively low melting points and boiling points
Weak intermolecular forces
Can’t conduct electricity as have no charge

Question 18

Polymers

Answer 18

Very large molecules
Atoms are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds
Form long chains
Intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are weaker
Allow chains to slide over each other but not pulled apart

Question 19

Intramolecular bonds

Answer 19

The atoms of the monomers along the chains in a polymer are held together by strong covalent bonds. These are bonds within the polymer molecules

Question 20

Intermolecular

Answer 20

The chains of the polymer are held together by weak forces of attraction. These forces between polymer molecules

Question 21

Weak intermolecular forces of attraction

Answer 21

Stretches easily

Lower melting point

Question 22

Strong cross linkes- chemical bonds between the chains

Answer 22

Rigid

Higher melting points

Question 23

Making polymers

Answer 23

By addition

By condensation

Question 24

Addition polymers

Answer 24

Long chains of units made from one molecule that has at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms
🔴➖🔴➖🔴➖🔴➖🔴➖🔴

Question 25

Condensation polymers

Answer 25

Made of units using at least 2 different molecules Losing a water molecule in the process 🔴➖🔶➖🔴➖🔶➖🔴➖🔶

Question 26

Giant covalent structures

Answer 26

All atoms are linked to each other by strong covalent bonds | Eg. Diamond,silicon dioxide

Question 27

Diamond properties

Answer 27

``` Lustrous Transparent Colourless Very hard Very high melting point Insoluble in water Doesn't conduct electricity ```

Question 28

Silicon dioxide

Answer 28

``` White crystalline solid Very hard Very high melting point Insoluble in water Does not conduct electricity ```

Question 29

Forms of carbon

Answer 29

Diamond Graphite Structures are very different

Question 30

Structure of diamonds

Answer 30

Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds Forms tetrahedron shape The 4 covalent bonds makes it very hard to break Carbon atoms share electrons

Question 31

Graphite

Answer 31

Made from carbon Carbon atoms only make 3 covalent bonds Make hexagonal rings which form layers Cut across layers but not through layers No covalent bonds between layers High melting point Weak forces hold layers together Sea of delocalised electrons conducts electricity Delocalised electrons move easily along layers

Question 32

Uses of graphite

Answer 32

Electrodes - conducts electricity Lubricant- layers slide over each other High temp lubricant- high melting point

Question 33

Graphene

Answer 33

Single layer of graphite One atom thick Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms connected with strong covalent bonds

Question 34

Fullerenes

Answer 34

Carbon rings can form hollow 3D shapes

Question 35

Buckminsterfullerene | Bucky ball

Answer 35

Rings of 5&6 carbon atoms C60 Spherical shape Used in medicine

Question 36

Uses of fullerenes

Answer 36

``` Drug delivery into the body Lubricants Catalysts Act as hollow cages to trap other molecules Make nanotubes ```

Question 37

Nanotube properties

Answer 37

High tensile strength High electrical conductors High thermal conductivity

Question 38

Nanotube uses

Answer 38

Semi conductors in electrical circuits As catalysts Reinforcing materials eg. Tennis rackets

Question 39

Properties of graphene

Answer 39

``` 2D compound Thermally stable Monolayer Electrical conductor through 'ballistic transport' Strongest material ever Elastic Absorb white light ```

Question 40

Nanoparticals

Answer 40

Between 1&100 nm in size Most are made from metals,metal oxides and silicates Each nanoparticle contains only a few hundred atoms

Question 41

When materials are present in nano particles it changes properties

Answer 41

Silver- stops bacteria growing (in clothes/deodorants) Titanium dioxide- protects from ultraviolet light (in sun cream) bigger particles do the same but leave white coating on skin Used to deliver drugs to the right cells

Question 42

Nanoparticle safety

Answer 42

Avoid breathing in as can be hazardous | Could damage organs and tissue

Question 43

Changing surface area to volume ratio | Nanoparticles

Answer 43

When a material becomes a nanoparticle its properties change Gold- displays different colours Titanium dioxide- becomes invisible Silver- destroys bacteria Other materials become more reactive as sa to v ratio increases making them better catalysts

Question 44

Radius of atom

Answer 44

1 x 10-12 m

Question 45

Radius of nucleus

Answer 45

1 x10-15 m