C10 - Using Resources

Question 1

How do humans use the Earth’s resources (4)

Answer 1

To provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

Question 2

What do natural resources, supplemented by agriculture provide (4)

Answer 2

• Food
• Timber
• Clothing
• Fuels

Question 3

What are finite resources from the earth, oceans and atmosphere processed to provide (2)

Answer 3

• Energy

* Materials

Question 4

What does chemistry play an important role in

Answer 4

Chemistry places an important role in improving agriculture and industrial processes to provide new products and in sustainable development

Question 5

What is Sustainable development

Answer 5

Is development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 6

Examples of natural products that are replaced by agricultural and synthetic products

Answer 6

Rubber is a natural product that can be extracted from tree sap - however man-made polymers have now been made which can replace rubber in uses such as tyres

Question 7

Finite resources

Answer 7

Aren’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable e.g fossil fuels and nuclear fuels

Question 8

Renewable resources

Answer 8

Reform at a similar rate to, or faster than, we use them e.g timber

Question 9

Orders of magnitude to evaluate the significance of data

Answer 9

Check photos

Question 10

Water of appropriate quality

Answer 10

• Is essential for human life

* e.g for humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

Question 11

Potable water (2)

Answer 11

• Is water that is safe to drink

* Is not pure water in the chemical sense because it contains dissolved substances

Question 12

What do the methods used to produce potable water depend on

Answer 12

Available supplies of water and local conditions

Question 13

In the UK what does rain provide

Answer 13

Provides water with low levels of dissolved substances (fresh water) that collects in the ground and in lakes and rivers

Question 14

How is most potable water produced (3)

Answer 14

• Choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
• Passing the water through filter beds
• Sterilising

Question 15

Sterilising agents (2)

Answer 15

• chlorine

* Ozone or ultraviolet light

Question 16

What happens if supplies of fresh water are limited

Answer 16

Desalination of salty water or sea water may be required

Question 17

How can desalination be done?

Answer 17

Decentralisation can be done by distillation or processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis (These processes require large amounts of energy)

Question 18

Difference between potable water and pure water

Answer 18

Pure water only contains H2O molecules and potable water contains dissolved substances making it safe to drink

Question 19

Difference in the treatment of ground water and salty water (2)

Answer 19

• Seawater contains too much dissolved salt to make it suitable as drinking water - However, pure water can be produced from seawater by simple distillation
• However, water produced by distillation is useful in the laboratory for dissolving substances

Question 20

Water purification - required practical (apparatus) (6)

Answer 20

• Round bottomed flask
• Condenser
• Thermometer
• Salty water
• Bunsen burner
• Beaker

Question 21

Water purification - required practical (method) (5)

Answer 21

• Test pH using a pH meter and make sure that it is neutral
• Set up the equipment (check photos)
• As the water in flask heats up and is evaporated and will enter the condenser as steam - condenses back into liquid due to temp drop
• Collect the water running out in a beaker
• Retest the pH of the water to check if it’s neutral

Question 22

What do urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce

Answer 22

Large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment

Question 23

What does sewage and agricultural waste water require

Answer 23

Removal of organic matter and harmful microbes - industrial waste may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals

Question 24

What do Sewage treatments include (4)

Answer 24

• Screening and grit removal
• Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
• Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
• Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

Question 25

Relative ease of obtaining potable water from waste, ground and salt water

Answer 25

Not very easy as it has to undergo additional stages of treatment before safe

Question 26

Earth's resources of metal ores

Answer 26

Are limited

Question 27

Copper ores

Answer 27

Are becoming more scarce

Question 28

new ways of extracting copper

Answer 28

from low-grade ores including Phytomining and bioleaching - these methods avoid traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

Question 29

Phytomining (2)

Answer 29

* Uses plants to absorb metal compounds | * The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds

Question 30

Bioleaching

Answer 30

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

Question 31

How can metal compounds be processed

Answer 31

To obtain the metal - e.g copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis

Question 32

Life cycle assessments (LCAs)

Answer 32

Are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products

Question 33

Stages of life cycle assessments (LCAs)

Answer 33

* Extracting and processing raw materials * Manufacturing and packaging * Use and operation during its lifetime * Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage

Question 34

What can be easily quantified

Answer 34

Use of water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes

Question 35

Why is LCA not a purely objective process

Answer 35

Allocating numerical values to pollutant effects is less straightforward and requires value judgements

Question 36

How can selective or abbreviated LCAs be devised

Answer 36

To evaluate a product but these can be misused to reach pre-determined conclusions e,g in support of claims for advertising purposes

Question 37

LCAs for shopping bags made from plastics and paper

Answer 37

Check photos

Question 38

What reduces the use of limited resources

Answer 38

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users

Question 39

What is produced from limited raw materials (5)

Answer 39

* Metals * Glass * Building materials * Claw ceramics * Most plastics

Question 40

What does much of the energy for processes come from

Answer 40

Limited resources

Question 41

What causes environmental impacts

Answer 41

Obtaining raw materials from the Earth by quarrying and mining

Question 42

Glass bottles (2)

Answer 42

* Can be reused | * Can be crushed and melted to make different glass products

Question 43

Metals

Answer 43

Can be recycled by melting and recasting or reforming into different products

Question 44

What does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on

Answer 44

The material and the properties required of the final product e.g some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore