C11: Nervous System

Question 1

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 1

Occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, and insula

Question 2

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

Answer 2

Governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior, and visual recognition

Question 3

What is the role of the front lobe?

Answer 3

Governs voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision making, reasoning, and aggression; also the site for certain aspects of one’s personality

Question 4

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

Answer 4

Receiving and interpreting bodily sensations (touch, temp, pressure, and pain), and governs proprioception

Question 5

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

Answer 5

Analyzing and interpreting visual information

Question 6

What is the role of the insula?

Answer 6

Perception of pain, basic emotions (joy, happiness, anger, and disgust), addiction, motor control, self awareness, and cognitive function

Question 7

What is resting potential?

Answer 7

The state of being inactive and polarized, waiting for a stimulus to come along so it can react

Question 8

What are the components of a neuron while in resting potential?

Answer 8

Positive charges of sodium on the outside and negative potassium charges on the inside. The two ions leak across the membrane due to its permeability, but the sodium potassium pump constantly restores the ions to the appropriate sides

Question 9

What is membrane potential?

Answer 9

Ions if opposite charges separated by a membrane, with the potential to move inward to each other depending on the permeability of the membrane. It is polarized.

Question 10

What happens to the neuron when a stimulus comes along?

Answer 10

Channels on the resting neurons membrane open and sodium ions from outside rush inside, changing the inside charge to positive, becoming depolarized

Question 11

What happens is depolarization is strong?

Answer 11

More channels along the neurons membrane open, allowing more sodium ions in, creating an action potential

Question 12

What is an action potential?

Answer 12

The neuron has become active as it conducts an impulse along the axon (meaning nerve impulse)

Question 13

What happens during repolarization?

Answer 13

The influx of sodium causes other channels to open along the neuron membrane that allow potassium outside. The sodium channels begin to shut, this causes the ions to be flip flopped.

Question 14

What happens during the refactory period?

Answer 14

The membrane is polarized but won’t respond to anymore stimuli until the ions are on the correct side of the membrane, so the sodium potassium pump works to return the ions to the correct sides, making the neuron polarized and in resting potential.

Question 15

What is/How does the sodium potassium pump?

Answer 15

It’s a channel protein that has receptor sites. It allows 3 sodium ions from inside the cell attach to the receptor site, it then gets fueled by ATP to open up to the outside of the cell to release the sodium ions, and then 2 potassium ions from the outside can attach to the receptor sites and brought back into the inside of the cell. Return concentration levels within normal limits

Question 16

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 16

Plays a role in motor functions (body movement, balance, coordination, posture), sensory, cognitive, and emotional functions.

Question 17

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 17

Controls autonomic nervous system.

Responsible for, hunger, thirst, and temp regulation

Called the master gland b/c it controls the pituitary gland

Involved in multiple emotional responses

Question 18

What are the meninges of the CNS?

Answer 18

Dura, arachnoid, and pia

Question 19

What is the difference between PNS and CNS?

Answer 19

PNS: nerves throughout the body

CNS: only the brain and spinal cord

Question 20

What are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS ans their functions?

Answer 20

Sensory (afferent) division: carries signals from nerve endings to CNS

Motor (efferent) division: transmits information from CNS to the rest of the body

Question 21

What is the subdivisions and their functions of the afferent division of the PNS?

Answer 21

Somatic sensory: caries signals from skin, bones, joint, and muscles

Visceral sensory: caries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder

Question 22

What is the 2 subdivisions and their functions of the efferent division of the PNS?

Answer 22

Somatic motor: allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

Autonomic motor: provides “automatic” activities such as control of BP and heart rate

Question 23

What is the sympathetic vs parasympathetic divisions of the PNS?

Answer 23

Sympathetic: arouses the body for action

Parasympathetic: has a calming effect

Question 24

What are 2 functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 24

Relays info to and from the brain

Reflexes

Question 25

What is the thalamus?

Answer 25

Filters and transmits some impulses like smell, sight, taste, pain, pressure, heat, cold, and touch to the cerbral cortex

Question 26

How does the brain protect itself?

Answer 26

Meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier

Question 27

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 27

Provides nourishment of glucose and protein, removes metabolic waste, and cushions the brain against minor trauma

Question 28

What structure secretes CSF and where is it located?

Answer 28

The choroid plexus and its found in each lateral ventricle

Question 29

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Answer 29

Two lateral ventricles on each side of the hemisphere that connect to the 3rd ventricle, and a canal leads it to the 4th ventricle

Question 30

What is the flow of CSF?

Answer 30

Choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle secretes CSF, it flows into the 3rd ventricle where the choroid plexus adds more CSF that flows into the 4th ventricle, where even more CSF is added. Some of the CSF flow through foramina (two tiny openings) into the subarachnoid space, up the back of the brain, down the spinal cord, and up the front of the brain

Question 31

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 31

A membrane that is high selective in what passes between the blood plasma and extracellular fluid of the brain, keeping harmful substances out and allowing important substances in

Question 32

What is the difference between grey and white matter?

Answer 32

Grey matter: it's unmyelinated neurons in the CNS. Higher functions like integration, decision-making, and voluntary control happen here White matter: is white b/c the neurons are myelinated

Question 33

What is the structure of a neuron?

Answer 33

Dendrite, body, and axon

Question 34

What are the 3 types of neurons?

Answer 34

Afferent (sensory) Interneuron (autonomic) Efferent (motor)

Question 35

What are neuroglial cells?

Answer 35

Microglial: phagocytosis and lines important organs to prevent infection Oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells: make myelin sheath Astrocytes: structure and support Ependymal: lines cavities, secretes and absorbs CSF

Question 36

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

Answer 36

Smell

Question 37

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Answer 37

Sight

Question 38

What is the function of the trigeminal and facial nerve?

Answer 38

Skin and muscles of the face

Question 39

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 39

Equilibrium and hearing

Question 40

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

Answer 40

Primary role in the parasympathetic system for digestion and breathing

Question 41

What are the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic functions, fibers and secretions?

Answer 41

Sympathetic: - flight or fight response. Heightened awareness and stress - SHORT presynaptic fibers secret AcH - LONG postsynaptic fibers secret norepinephrine - rises from thoracic and lumbar area Parasympathetic: - relaxes - LONG presynaptic fibers secret AcH - SHORT postsynaptic fibers secret AcH - rises from brain stem and sacrum