C11 organic chemistry

Question 1

single/double/triple bond in displayed formula?

Answer 1

how many lines there are

Question 2

what is a saturated compound

Answer 2

has molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

Question 3

what is an unsaturated compound

Answer 3

has molecules in which one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single bonds

Question 4

what is a homologous series

Answer 4

a family or similar compounds with similar chemical properties

Question 5

what are the general characteristics of a homologous series

Answer 5

• same general formula
• display trend in physical properties

Question 6

displayed formula of methane

Answer 6

Question 7

displayed formula of ethane

Answer 7

Question 8

displayed formula of ethene

Answer 8

Question 9

displayed formula of ethanol

Answer 9

Question 10

what do names of organic compounds show

Answer 10

start: (Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter)
- meth (1 carbon atom)
- eth (2 carbon atoms)
- prop (3 carbon atoms)
- but (4 carbon atoms)
end:
- alkanes “ane”
- alkenes “ene”
- alcohols “ol”

Question 11

general formula of alkanes

Answer 11

Question 12

general formula for alkenes

Answer 12

Question 13

structural formula of methane

Answer 13

Question 14

structural formula of ethane

Answer 14

Question 15

structural formula of propane

Answer 15

Question 16

structural formula of butane

Answer 16

Question 17

structural formula of ethene

Answer 17

Question 18

structural formula of propene

Answer 18

Question 19

structural formula of but-1-ene

Answer 19

Question 20

structural formula of but-2-ene

Answer 20

Question 21

displayed formula of but-1-ene

Answer 21

Question 22

displayed formula of but-2-ene

Answer 22

Question 23

name the fossil fuels

Answer 23

• coal
• natural gas
• petroleum

Question 24

what is the main constituent of natural gas

Answer 24

methane

Question 25

what are hydrocarbons

Answer 25

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

Question 26

what is petroleum comprised of

Answer 26

a mixture of hydrocarbons

Question 27

complete combustion of methane equation

Answer 27

Question 28

how is petroleum separated into useful fractions

Answer 28

- by fractional distillation in fractionating column (hottest at bottom and coolest at top) - petroleum heated strongly & passed into fractionating column near bottom - HCs with v high boiling points remain in liquid state and stay at bottom, those with lower boiling points evaporate and rise, cooling down - diff hydrocarbons condense at diff points in column

Question 29

what are the useful fractions made from petroleum

Answer 29

- refinery gas - gasoline/petrol - naphtha - diesel oil/gas oil - bitumen

Question 30

use of refinery gas fraction

Answer 30

gas used in heating and cooking

Question 31

use of gasoline/petrol fraction

Answer 31

fuel used in cars

Question 32

use of naphtha fraction

Answer 32

chemical feedstock

Question 33

use of diesel oil/gas oil

Answer 33

fuel used in diesel engines

Question 34

use of bitumen

Answer 34

making roads

Question 35

trends in properties of fractions obtained from petroleum from bottom to top of fractionating column

Answer 35

- decreasing chain length - lower boiling points

Question 36

bonding in alkanes

Answer 36

single covalent

Question 37

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 37

saturated

Question 38

properties of alkanes

Answer 38

- generally unreactive - except in combustion

Question 39

how do physical properties change with length of alkane chain

Answer 39

- boiling point increases

Question 40

what is produced in the complete combustion of alkanes

Answer 40

carbon dioxide and water

Question 41

bonding in alkanes

Answer 41

- double carbon-carbon covalent bond

Question 42

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 42

unsaturated

Question 43

chemical test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes

Answer 43

- aqueous bromine shaken with hydrocarbon - no change: alkane (saturated) - change to colourless: alkene (unsaturated)

Question 44

what colour is bromine water

Answer 44

orange-brown

Question 45

do alkenes or alkanes react with aqueous bromine? why

Answer 45

- alkenes - C=C bond

Question 46

how are larger alkane molecules broken down into smaller molecules

Answer 46

cracking

Question 47

what is required for cracking

Answer 47

- high temperature - catalyst

Question 48

what type of reaction is cracking

Answer 48

decomposition

Question 49

what type of hydrocarbon is involved in cracking

Answer 49

alkane --> alkene

Question 50

typical temperature for industrial cracking

Answer 50

500 degrees celcius

Question 51

what is produced in cracking

Answer 51

alkene and alkane

Question 52

displayed formulas for reaction of ethene with bromine

Answer 52

Question 53

what kind of reaction is it when an alkene reacts with bromine

Answer 53

addition

Question 54

displayed formulas when ethene reacts with hydrogen

Answer 54

Question 55

what kind of reaction is it when an alkene reacts with hydrogen

Answer 55

addition

Question 56

what catalyst is needed for reaction of alkene with hydrogen

Answer 56

nickel

Question 57

what catalyst is needed for reaction of alkene with steam

Answer 57

acid catalyst

Question 58

displayed formulas for reaction of ethene with steam

Answer 58

Question 59

what kind of reaction is alkene with steam

Answer 59

addition

Question 60

what is an addition reaction

Answer 60

- double bond broken in alkene - results in addition of atoms to molecules

Question 61

what is formed when an alkene reacts with steam

Answer 61

alcohol

Question 62

what is formed when alkene reacts with hydrogen

Answer 62

alkane

Question 63

equation for complete combustion of ethanol

Answer 63

Question 64

describe the complete combustion of ethanol

Answer 64

clean flame, no smoke

Question 65

uses of ethanol

Answer 65

- solvent - fuel

Question 66

why is ethanol a good solvent

Answer 66

- carbon chain - -OH group

Question 67

boiling point of ethanol

Answer 67

78 c

Question 68

define polymers

Answer 68

- large molecules built up from many smaller molecules - called monomers

Question 69

describe the formation of poly(ethene)

Answer 69

- addition polymerisation - using ethene monomers

Question 70

show the addition polymerisation of poly(ethene) using displayed formulas

Answer 70

Question 71

describe condensation reaction

Answer 71

- two smaller molecules join to produce larger molecule - smaller molecule also produced, usually water

Question 72

what are polyamides

Answer 72

- condensation polymers - repeating units linked by amide bonds

Question 73

block diagram of dicarboxylic acid

Answer 73

Question 74

block diagram of diamine

Answer 74

Question 75

how to read block diagrams

Answer 75

- rectangle is carbon chain - between reactive groups

Question 76

show the reaction between dicarboxylic acid and diamine using block diagrams

Answer 76

Question 77

what is an amide link

Answer 77

- chemical bond in a polyamide - comprised of a C=O bond and N-H bond

Question 78

structure of nylon

Answer 78

Question 79

what is nylon

Answer 79

a polyamide