- wavelength - frequency - crest (peak) - trough - amplitude - wave speed

- change in direction of a light ray - passing from one medium to another

P3 waves Flashcards by James Tyler

what do waves transfer

energy, WITHOUT transferring matter

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describe transverse wave

direction of vibration at right angle to direction of propagation

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examples of transverse waves

electromagnetic radiation
water waves
seismic S-waves

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describe longitudinal wave

direction of vibration is parallel to direction of propagation

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examples of longitudinal waves

sound waves
seismic P-waves

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features of a wave

wavelength
frequency
crest (peak)
trough
amplitude
wave speed

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equation for wave speed

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what causes the refraction of waves in water

depth change

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what causes refraction of wave

change in speed

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how does water wave passing over shallower region change it

slow down
wavelength decrease

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what causes diffraction

wave passes thru gap

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when is diffraction more pronounced

when size of gap and wavelength similar

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impact of wavelength on diffraction

longer wavelengths diffract more

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impact of size of gap on diffraction

smaller gap means more diffraction

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where is angle of incidence/reflection measured from?

normal

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Characteristics of an optical image by a plane mirror

same size
same distance from mirror
laterally inverted

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characteristics of image

enlarged / same size / diminished
upright / inverted
real / virtual

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Relationship between angle of incidence and angle of reflection

Equal

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Define refraction

change in direction of a light ray
passing from one medium to another

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Define refraction

change in direction of a light ray
passing from one medium to another

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Define refractive index

Ratio of speeds of wave in 2 diff regions

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Equation for refractive index

Speed of light in substance / speed of light in vacuum

What happens when light enters medium with higher refractive index

Bend toward normal

What happens when light enters medium with higher refractive index

Bend toward normal

Define critical angle

- angle of incidence - at which angle of refraction is 90 degrees and above - which all light is totally internally reflected

Uses for total internal reflection

- endoscope (medicine) - optical fibre for communication

What happens to image inside focal length of converging lens

- enlarged - virtual - upright

What happens to image inside focal length of converging lens

- enlarged - virtual - upright

What happens to image outside focal length of converging lens

- diminished - inverted - real

What happens to image at principal focus of converging lens

No image formed

Colours of visible spectrum in order of frequency (low to high) Order of wavelength (low to high)

red orange yellow green blue indigo violet violet indigo blue green yellow orange red

Which light is bent most in a prism and why

Violet as it has the greatest changes in speed

Main regions of EM spectrum in order of frequency (low to high) In order of wavelength (short to long)

radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio

Speed of EM waves in vacuum vs air

3.0*10^8 m/s Approx same in air

Applications of radio waves

- radio and television transmissions - radar

Applications of microwaves

- satellite television - mobile (cell) phone - microwave ovens

Applications of infrared

- remote controllers for televisions - thermal imaging

Applications of visible light

- vision - photography

Applications of ultraviolet

- detecting fake bank notes

Applications of x-rays

- medical scanning - security scanners

Applications of gamma rays

- detection of cancer - treatment of cancer

Harmful effects of excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation

- damage to surface cells and eyes - leads to skin cancer and eye conditions

Describe harmful effects of x-rays and gamma rays

- mutation or damage to cells in body

How is sound produced

Vibrating sources

Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves in air

Series of compressions and rarefractions

Describe what is meant by compressions

Regions of higher pressure due to particles being closer together

Describe what is meant by rarefractions

Regions of lower pressure due to particles being spread further apart

Is medium needed to transmit sound waves?

Yes

Method for determining speed of sound in air

1. Measure large distance in straight line. Two people stand this distance apart 2. First person produces loud noise at same time as making visible action 3. Second person starts stopwatch when see first person move, stop stopwatch when hear sound

Relative speeds of sound in states of matter in order of decreasing speed

Solids, liquids, gases

How does amplitude affect sound

Changes loudness

How does change in frequency affect sound waves

Pitch

Describe what is meant by an echo

The reflection of a sound wave

Define ultrasound

Sound with a frequency higher than 20kHz