c1.2 cell respiration Flashcards
(13 cards)
What is the structure of ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consists of:
* Adenine (nitrogenous base)
* Ribose (sugar)
* Three phosphate groups
What properties make ATP ideal for energy transfer?
- Small, soluble molecule easily transported in cells
- Releases energy in a single-step reaction
- Recyclable via phosphorylation
How does the ATP-ADP cycle work?
- ATP hydrolysis → Phosphate removed, releasing energy
- ADP phosphorylation → Phosphate added, restoring ATP
What are key processes requiring ATP?
- Active transport (Na⁺/K⁺ pumps)
- Muscle contraction
- Protein synthesis
- Cell signaling (hormone responses)
- DNA replication
What is cellular respiration?
A process that converts energy in carbon compounds into ATP.
Why does heat generate during ATP hydrolysis?
Energy transfer isn’t 100% efficient; some is lost as heat.
How does cellular respiration differ from gas exchange?
Cellular respiration produces ATP, while gas exchange moves O₂/CO₂.
Why must cellular respiration be continuous?
Cells constantly require ATP for survival and function.
What are common substrates for cellular respiration?
Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids.
Compare anaerobic fermentation vs. aerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration: (oxygen is required, high ATP yield (~36 ATP), end products = CO₂ & H₂O, high efficiency). Anaerobic Fermentation: (oxygen is not required, low ATP yield (~2 ATP), end products = Lactic acid (humans) or ethanol (yeast), low efficiency).
Identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables in respiration experiments.
- Independent: Temperature, oxygen levels, substrate type
- Dependent: ATP production, CO₂ output
- Controlled: Same enzyme source, consistent measurement methods
Three approaches to measuring respiration rate?
- Oxygen consumption
- CO₂ production
- Heat release
Three investigative techniques for respiration rate measurement?
- Respirometers (track oxygen use)
- pH indicators (detect CO₂)
- Calorimetry (measure heat output)
