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Diseases > C13 Respiratory System > Flashcards

C13 Respiratory System Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange (O2/CO2)

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2
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea

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3
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs

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4
Q

Lungs

A

Cone-shaped organs that sit in the chest cavity are protected by the ribs

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5
Q

How many lobes does each lung lobe contain?

A

Right lung: 3 lobes vs Left lung: 2 lobes

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6
Q

What are the lungs made up of?

A

Millions of alveoli reminder is connective tissue

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7
Q

Pleura?

A

Membranes around the lungs. Two:
Outer=Parietal
Inner=Visceral

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8
Q

What is between the two pleura?

A

Intrapleural space (contains fluid secreted by the membranes)

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9
Q

Respiration-Inspiration

A

The diaphragm contracts downward.
Higher volume and lower pressure

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10
Q

Respiration-Expiration

A

The diaphragm relaxes upwards.
Higher pressure and lower volume

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11
Q

Pneumonia- Description

A

Acute inflammation of the lower
respiratory tract (bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs and alveoli).
-Inhalation or aspiration (oro- and nasopharynx).
Frequent nosocomial infections.

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12
Q

Can pneumonia be uni or bilateral/ total or partial?

A

Yes can be unilateral or bilateral also can be total or partial.

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13
Q

Pneumonia- Bacterial, Virus, Other

A

Bacterial (Streptococcus pneumonia)/ Viral/
Mycoplasmas/ Others (i.e. fungi, chemicals, dust

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14
Q

Pneumonia-Symptoms

A
  • Coughing
  • Sputum production
  • Chest pain
  • Chills
  • Fever
  • Rales
  • Dyspnea
  • Cyanosis
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15
Q

Pneumonia-Dx

A
  • Medical history
  • Physical examination
  • Auscultation
  • Chest X-ray
  • Sputum smears and
    blood cultures
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16
Q

Pneumonia- Treatment *Etiology

A
  • Antibiotics / Antifungal
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Increase fluid intake
  • Bed rest
  • Analgesics
  • Chest physiotherapy
  • Postural drainage (percussion and vibration)
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17
Q

Sleep Apnea-Description

A

Potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing
repeatedly stops and starts. It is accompanied by loud snoring.
-Older Men>Women

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18
Q

Sleep Apnea-3 types?

A
  • Obstructive: throat muscles relax
  • Central: brain does not send proper signals to the
    muscles that control breathing
  • Complex: combination of obstructive and central
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19
Q

Sleep Apnea-Symptoms

A
  • Hypersomnia
  • Loud snoring
  • SOB
  • Morning headaches
  • Dry mouth
  • Sore throat
  • Insomnia
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20
Q

Sleep Apnea-Dx

A
  • Sleep study
  • Pulse oximetry- Measures O2 in blood
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21
Q

Sleep Apnea-Treatments

Study These Flashcards
A
  • O2
    therapy: Continuous positive airway pressure
  • Surgery
22
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) - Description

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A

high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs

23
Q

PH - Primary vs Secondary Causes

Study These Flashcards
A

Primary (idiopathic: genetic predisposition?) or
secondary (i.e. COPD, sleep apnea, AIDS).

24
Q

PH- Symptoms

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Asymptomatic for long
    time
  • Dyspnea
  • Fatigue
  • Chest pain
  • Edema (angles and legs)
  • Cyanosis
  • Syncope- a temporary loss of consciousness and muscle tone caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to the brain.
25
PH- Dx *Difficult
* Transesophageal echocardiogram * Pulmonary function test * CF scan
26
PH- Treatments
* Vasodilators * Endothelin receptor antagonists * Calcium channel blockers * Anticoagulants * Diuretics * Oxygen therapy * Heart-lung transplant
27
PH-Prognosis
* Progressively worse -> fatal * Complications- Cor pulmonale (right-side heart failure)
28
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- Description
Lung disease is characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing. * 3rd leading cause of death worldwide
29
COPD-Etiology
other diseases (i.e. asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis), smoking, exposure to contaminants (i.e. polluted air, textile dust fibers), respiratory infections, and allergies.
30
COPD- 2 conditions that contribute
* Chronic Bronchitis: severe irritation and inflammation of bronchial tubes (daily cough and mucus) * Pulmonary Emphysema: gradual destruction of alveoli
31
COPD (General)-Symptoms
EARLY * SOB after mild exercise * Wheezing * Chest tightness * Frequent colds/flu/ respiratory infections * Fatigue LATER * Severe fatigue * Dyspnea * Chronic cough * Mucus production * Swelling of feet/ankles/legs * Cyanosis
32
COPD (Chronic Bronchitis)- Symptoms
EARLY * SOB after mild exercise * Wheezing * Chronic cough * Mucus production LATER * Severe fatigue * Dyspnea * Swelling of feet/ankles/legs * Cyanosis Blue Boater Lower vent --> Hypoxemia Higher CO--> polycythemia
33
COPD (Pulmonary Emphysema)- Symptoms
EARLY * SOB after mild exercise * Chest tightness LATER * Severe fatigue * Hyperventilation * Barrel chest Pink Puffer higher hypervent--> puffing lower CO-->pink
34
COPD- Treatments
* Bronchodilators * Inhaled corticosteroids * Oxygen therapy * Diuretics * Pulmonary rehabilitation
34
COPD- Dx
* Pulmonary Function tests * Chest X-ray * Arterial blood gases * Sputum analysis
35
Asthma- Description
inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent spasms in the bronchi of the lungs.
36
Asthma- Etiology
uncertain (allergy/ respiratory infections/ exercise or exertion/ temperature and humidity/ emotions/stress and anxiety)
37
Asthma- Extrinsic
in response to an environmental irritant (childhood)
38
Asthma- Intrinsic
without evidence of allergic response
39
Asthma- Symptoms
* Coughing * Pronounced wheezing * Dyspnea / Tachypnea * Chest tightness * Pallor
40
Asthma- Dx
* Physical examination * Chest x-ray * Pulmonary function tests * Blood test- Allergy related: Eosinophils and IgE
41
Asthma- Treatments
* Bronchodilators * Inhaled corticosteroids * Oxygen therapy
42
Lung Cancer- Description
Malignant neoplasms in the trachea, bronchi or alveoli.
43
Lung Cancer- Etiology
87% cases by smoking (directly/indirectly), radon gas, asbestos, uranium
44
Lung Cancer- 2 major types
* Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): more common, grows slower -Squamous cell carcinoma -Adenocarcinoma -Large-cell carcinoma * Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): less common, grows fast, metastasis
45
Lung Cancer- Symptoms
Early-stage * No symptoms Advance-stage * Cough * Hoarseness * Weight loss * Wheezing * Chest pain * Dyspnea * Hemoptysis
46
Lung Cancer- Dx
* Chest x-ray or CT scan * Sputum cytology test * Bronchoscopy * Tissue biopsy
47
Lung Cancer- Treatments
* Surgery * Radiotherapy * Chemotherapy
48
Cystic Fibrosis- Description
Progressive, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections and limits the ability to breathe over time. Genetic Learning center - Autosomal-recessive dysfunction - Defective cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) - >1700 mutations - Characterized by the production of copious amounts of abnormally thick mucus that clogs bronchus, lungs, pancreas.
49
Cystic Fibrosis- Symptoms
* Wheezy respiration * Dry cough * Dyspnea * Tachypnea * Lung infections * Constipation * Electrolyte imbalance * Inability to absorb fats * Pancreatic insufficiency (diabetes)
50
Cystic Fibrosis- Dx
* Sweat test * DNA test * Chest x-ray * Pulmonary function
51
Cystic Fibrosis- Treatments
* Antibiotic * Bronchodilators * Mucus-thinning drugs * Gene therapy *CFTR modulators * Anti-inflammatories

Diseases (8 decks)

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