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C11 Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

The endocrine system?

A

Regulates and integrates the body’s metabolic activities

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2
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

The function of endocrine glands through its neural and hormonal paths connected to the anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

Hormones are secreted from?

A

Glands that are discharged to the blood or lymph and circulated to target organs upon where they act

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4
Q

Hormone functions?

A

-Body energy and metabolism
-Sexual function and reproduction
-Growth and development
-Homeostasis
-Response to surroundings, stress and injury

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5
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Located at the base of the brain. Function is the relation between the hypothalamus and the number of important hormones they control

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6
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland control?

A

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): follicle and
sperm
-Luteinizing hormone (LH): follicle. Testosterone
and estrogen
-Prolactin (or luteotropic hormone) (LHT) and
oxytocin: lactation and sex hormones
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): water from kidneys
-Human growth hormone (hGH): growth and
bone mass
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): body
metabolism, growth, energy
-Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): cortisol
& glucose metabolism

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7
Q

Diabetes Insipidus-Description

A

Kidneys are unable to prevent the
excretion of water. Also known as Pituitary Diabetes.

-Idiopathic, tumors, infections, inherited (only
nephrogenic-originating in the kidneys)

-Central (pituitary gland)
-Nephrogenic (kidneys)
-Gestational (placenta)
-Dipsogenic (excess fluids.
No problem with ADH)

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8
Q

Diabetes Insipidus-Symptoms

A

-Polyuria-abnormal high amt of urine
-Polydipsia-excessive thirst
-Dehydration
-Dry skin
-Fatigue and weakness

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9
Q

Diabetes Insipidus-Dx

A

-Low osmolality in urinalysis
-Dehydration test
-MRI

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10
Q

Diabetes Insipidus-Treatment

A

-Increase in fluid intake
-Hormone replacement therapy

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11
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Butterfly shaped endocrine gland in the front part of the neck

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12
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4)(90%):
-4 molecules of iodine
-Precursor (90% of synthesis)
-Digestion
-Heart and muscle function
-Brain development

Triiodothyronine (T3)(10%):
-3 molecules of iodine
-Active form (converted from T4)
-Metabolism
-Body temperature
-Growth
-Heart and digestive function

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13
Q

Simple Goiter-Description

A

Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (not related to infection or neoplasm)

-Colloid: insufficient iodine in the diet
-Sporadic or non-toxic: from the ingestion of goitrogens
-Simple: Normal T4 and T3 with thyroid enlargement

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14
Q

Simple Goiter-Symptoms

A

-Small nodule
-Compress esophagus or trachea leading to
dysphagia (swallow), dyspnea, dizziness and syncope (fainting)

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15
Q

Simple Goiter-Dx

A

-Physical exam
-T3 and T4 radioimmunoassay test
-Biopsy if suspect of thyroid cancer

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16
Q

Simple Goiter-Treatment

A

-Dietary supplementation of iodine (shrimp and
selfish)
-T3 and T4 replacement therapy
-Avoidance of goitrogenic foods and drugs
-Surgery in unresponsive therapies

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17
Q

Graves Disease-Description

A

Over secretion of thyroid hormones. The most common of
hyperthyroidism.
-Genetic or immune origin
-More frequent in women

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18
Q

Graves Disease-Symptoms

A

-Nervousness / Anxiety
-Loss of sleep
-Excessive perspiration
-Heat intolerance
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-Muscle and decalcification
-Graves ophthalmopathy/ Exophthalmos (abn protrusion of eyeball sockets)*
-Graves dermopathy
-Thyrotoxicosis (tachycardia, heart murmurs)*

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19
Q

Graves Disease-Dx

A

-Physical exam
-T3 and T4 radioimmunoassay test
-TSH levels
-Antithyroid immunoglobulin levels

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20
Q

Graves Disease-Treatment

A

-Antithyroid agents
-Surgery or radioactive iodine therapy
-Dietary supplementation of iodine
-Beta-blockers
-Thyroxine supplementation

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21
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis- Description

A

Swelling and inflammation of the thyroid.

-The most common of hypothyroidism
-Lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid. Genetics?
-More frequent in women

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22
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis-Symptoms

A

-Moderate enlargement of the thyroid
-Pain and tenderness in the neck area
-Dysphagia
-Fatigue
-Sleepiness
-Difficulty concentrating
-Depression
-Cold intolerance
-Dry skin and hair

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23
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis-Dx

A

-Antithyroid immunoglobulin levels
-Present of antibodies that react with
thyroid
-MRI
-Biopsy

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24
Q

Hypothyroidism-Description

A

Cretinism (congenital) or Myxedema (acquired).

-Insufficient thyroid hormones or loss of functionality thyroid
-Congenital, iatrogenic, inflammation or autoimmune.
-Secondary from pituitary dysfunctions

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25
Hypothyroidism-Symptoms (*age/individual)
-Fatigue -Intolerance to cold* -Muscle cramps -Excessive sleepiness -Diminishes appetite -Weight gain -Dry skin and hair -Weak nails
26
Hypothyroidism-Treatment
Hormone replacement therapy
27
Hypothyroidism-Dx
-Radioimmunoassay for levels of T3 and T4 -Normally elevated TSH (*except from pituitary dysfunction) -High cholesterol and alkaline phosphates
28
Hypothyroidism-Prognosis
Myxedema (severe form of hypothyroidism) coma/crisis (emergency)
29
Adrenal Gland
Located top of each kidney contains cortex and medulla
30
Adrenal Cortex contains
Mineralocorticoids: -Aldosterone: sodium and potassium in the blood. Glucocorticoids: -Cortisol: glucose metabolism. Adrenal androgens: -Testosterone
31
Adrenal Medulla contains
Epinephrine/Adrenaline -Heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism Norepinephrine -Heart rate and blood pressure, glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, etc. Dopamine (small amounts): -Movement, memory, reward, sleep, mood, etc.
32
Cushing Syndrome-Description
Hypersecretion of cortisol* from the adrenal cortex -Most common in females -Bilateral hyperplasia (elevated ACTH) -Iatrogenic
33
Cushing Syndrome-Symptoms
-“moon-shaped” face -Hump on the upper back -Purple striae (stretch marks) -Impaired glucose tolerance -Fragile skin -Emotional changes -Hypertension -Amenorrhea (no period) -Erectile dysfunction
34
Cushing Syndrome-Treatment
-Restore concentrations of cortisol -Drug therapy -Radiation therapy -Adrenalectomy
35
Cushing Syndrome-Dx
-Blood and urine cortisol steroid levels -Dexamethasone suppression test -Brain MRI and abdominal CF scans
36
Addison Disease-Description
Insufficient cortisol from the adrenal cortex -More common between 30-50 yrs. -Auto-immune -Infections, TB, cancer, dysfunction pituitary gland
37
Addison Disease-Symptoms
-Muscle Weakness and pain -Weight loss -Hypoglycemia -Craving for salt -Hypotension -Nausea and vomiting -Addisonian crisis (renal failure)*
38
Addison Disease-Treatment
HRT
39
Addison Disease-Dx
-Blood test for K, Na, cortisol and ACTH -ACTH stimulation test -Insulin-induced hypoglycemia -CT scan of the adrenal glands or the pituitary.
40
Glucose has high ___
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
41
Hormones in Glucose Metabolism
Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine
42
Insulin
-Secreted by the pancreas when BGL is elevated -Increases movement of glucose out of the blood -Insulin attaches to a cell receptor -Brain does not need insulin to move glucose
43
Glucagon
-Secreted by the pancreas when BGL is low -Promotes the conversion of glycogen in the liver -Secreted when BGL< 70 mg/dL aprox.
44
Epinephrine
-Secreted by the adrenal glands when BGL is really low -Stops the secretion of insulin and promotes the release of glucose from the liver
45
Glucose Regulation
Fasting AE 2-3h AE Normal 80-100 170-200 120-140 Impaired Glucose 101-125 190-230 140-160 Diabetic 126+ 220-300 200+ -in Mg/DL
46
Diabetes Mellitus
-Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from insufficient production of insulin or from inadequate utilization of this hormone -Hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia
47
Diabetes Mellitus-Description
Glucose metabolism impaired
48
Diabetes Mellitus-Symptoms
-Polyuria -Polydipsia -Polyphagia -DKA* (ketoacidosis severe) -Fruity breath* -Hard to heal infections -Fatigue and weakness -*Epinephrine -Diaphoresis (high sweat) -Tremors -stroke like symptoms -Confusion
49
Diabetes Mellitus-Dx
-HbA1c>6.5% -BGL>200 mg/dL -Fasting BGL>126 mg/dL -Oral glucose tolerance test
50
Diabetes Mellitus-Treatment
-Insulin* -Exercise -Diet* -Hydration
51
Diabetes Mellitus-Complications
-Metabolic crises -Vascular diseases, necrosis and gangrene -Atherosclerosis -Retinopathy -Kidney disease and renal failure -Numbness, paresthesia and bouts of pain. -Difficulties swallowing, constipation/diarrhea, bladder problems -Wound healing problems -Diabetic coma -Insulin shock
52
T1 Diabetes- Description
characterized by the complete absence of insulin secretion
53
T1-Characteristics
-< 30 yrs. -Genetic dysfunction + trigger event -Typically lean patients -They need INSULIN -Prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): buildup of acids in blood from fat into ketones
54
T1-Symptoms
-Polyuria -Polydipsia -Polyphagia -DKA=diabetic ketoacidosis -Fruity odor -Hard to heal infections -Fatigue and weakness -*EPI= diaphoresis, tremors, stroke like symptoms
55
T2 Diabetes-Description
Some production of insulin
56
T2-Characteristics
-> 40 yrs. -Obesity and inactivity -Typically overweight patients -No need of insulin (exceptions) -Prone to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHNS): dehydration with significant ketoacidosis
57
T2-Symptoms
-Polyuria -Polydipsia -Polyphagia -Hard to heal infections -Fatigue and weakness -*EPI= diaphoresis, tremors, stroke like symptoms
58
Testes Hormones
-Testosterone -Inhibin
59
Ovaries Hormones
-Estrogen -Progesterone -Inhibin
60
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Description
Cysts in the ovaries. Genetic and life style
61
PCOS-Symptoms
-Amenorrhea/ irregular menses/ anovulation) -Obesity -Infertility -Prediabetes or type 2 diabetes -Hirsutism (hair growth in places common in men) -Acne -Alopecia -Hypertension -Elevated blood cholesterol -Sleep apnea
62
PCOS-Dx
-Physical examination -Hormones levels (LH to FSH ratio) -HbA1c and fasting glucose -Ultrasound for ovaries
63
PCOS-Treatment
-Low-dose oral contraceptives -Medication for type 2 diabetes -Exercise -Diet

Diseases (8 decks)

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