C14 - Organic Chemistry

Question 1

what is the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes

Answer 1

families of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

Question 2

1 carbon atom?

Answer 2

meth-

Question 3

2 carbon atoms?

Answer 3

eth-

Question 4

3 carbon atoms?

Answer 4

prop-

Question 5

4 carbon atoms?

Answer 5

but-

Question 6

5 carbon atoms?

Answer 6

pent-

Question 7

6 carbon atoms?

Answer 7

hex-

Question 8

ending for alkanes?

Answer 8

-ane

Question 9

ending for alkenes?

Answer 9

-ene

Question 10

ending for alcohol?

Answer 10

-ol (anol)

Question 11

general formula for alkanes?

Answer 11

C n
H 2n+2

Question 12

general formula for alkenes?

Answer 12

C n
H 2n

Question 13

general formula for alcohols?

Answer 13

C n
H 2n+1
OH

Question 14

functional group of alkanes?

Answer 14

single bonds only

Question 15

functional group of alkenes?

Answer 15

carbon carbon double bond

Question 16

functional group of alcohols?

Answer 16

OH

Question 17

functional group of amines

Answer 17

NH2

Question 18

functional group of carboxylic acids

Answer 18

C=O C-OH (COOH)

Question 19

ending for amines

Answer 19

-amine

Question 20

ending for carboxylic acids

Answer 20

-anoic acid

Question 21

which family is saturated?
what are saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 21

-alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
-saturated hydrocarbons’ molecules only contain single covalent bonds

Question 22

properties of alkane?

Answer 22

-generally unreactive
–> except in terms of burning
–> except combustion (oxidisation)

Question 23

complete combustion of hydrocarbons give?

Answer 23

CO2 + H2O (excess O2)

Question 24

which family is unsaturated?
what are unsaturated compounds?

Answer 24

-alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
-unsaturated hydrocarbons’ molecules contain one double covalent bond (have more than single bonds)

Question 25

how are smaller alkanes, alkenes, hydrogen formed/made?

Answer 25

by cracking long chain alkane molecules

Question 26

conditions required for cracking?

Answer 26

-suitable catalyst present --> such as zeolite -high temperature --> 500C

Question 27

test for unsaturated compounds? results?

Answer 27

mix with bromine water --> alkene decolourises bromine water --> alkane doesn't react (alkane remains orangey brown

Question 28

alkene properties?

Answer 28

-additional reactions with bromine, hydrogen, steam --> exemplified by ethene

Question 29

how is ethanol formed?

Answer 29

-fermentation -reaction between ethene and steam -catalytic addition of steam to ethene

Question 30

what is ethanol used as?

Answer 30

-solvent -fuel

Question 31

what fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide on combustion?

Answer 31

-coal -natural gas -petroleum

Question 32

main constituent of natural gas?

Answer 32

methane

Question 33

what is petroleum?

Answer 33

mixture of hydrocarbons -separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation

Question 34

use of refinery gases?

Answer 34

-bottled gas --> for heating and cooking

Question 35

use of gasoline fraction

Answer 35

fuel / petrol in cars

Question 36

use of naphtha fraction

Answer 36

feedstock for making chemicals

Question 37

use of diesel oil / gas oil

Answer 37

in diesel engines

Question 38

use of bitumen

Answer 38

road surfaces

Question 39

what are polymers?

Answer 39

long chain molecules formed from small units (monomers)

Question 40

what is the formation of a poly(ethene) an example of?

Answer 40

addition polymerisation of monomer units

Question 41

differences between addition and condensation polymerisation

Answer 41

condensation is when monomer units (with different endings) add to 2 products; polymer + small molecule (H2O) addition is when 1 type of monomer adds to 1 product

Question 42

alkene + hydrogen --> ?

Answer 42

alkane

Question 43

alkene + water --> ?

Answer 43

alcohol

Question 44

alkene + bromine --> ?

Answer 44

dibromoalkane

Question 45

incomplete alkane combustion --> ?

Answer 45

CO + H2O (limited O2)

Question 46

alcohols & alkenes complete combustion --> ?

Answer 46

(C + CO + H2O or) H2O + CO2

Question 47

acid + alcohol --> ?

Answer 47

ester

Question 48

acid + amine --> ?

Answer 48

amide

Question 49

7 features of the top of the fractional distillation?

Answer 49

-smallest molecule -shortest chain length -smallest molecular mass -smallest intermolecular force -easiest to separate molecules from one another (less energy needed) -lowest melting and boiling point -least viscous

Question 50

structure of nylon

Answer 50

(C12 H22 N2 O2)n

Question 51

complete combustion of alcohols and alkenes give?

Answer 51

water + carbon dioxide

Question 52

propene + water --> ?

Answer 52

propanol

Question 53

propene + hydrogen --> ?

Answer 53

propane

Question 54

propene + bromine --> ?

Answer 54

dibromopropane

Question 55

what is an organic compound?

Answer 55

contains carbon

Question 56

what is a fossil fuel?

Answer 56

mix of hydrocarbons that formed from remains of animals and plants

Question 57

why is petroleum valuable?

Answer 57

almost all transport, most energy production, plastics, cosmetics, medicine are ways petroleum are used -petroleum is not renewable so it can't be reused. once used, can't use again

Question 58

group of compounds collected during fractional distillation is called?

Answer 58

fraction

Question 59

what is volatile?

Answer 59

how easily liquid turns to gas

Question 60

what is viscous?

Answer 60

how easily something flows (thickness)

Question 61

why is cracking important?

Answer 61

makes best use of petroleum

Question 62

what is ethanol used as?

Answer 62

solvent and fuel

Question 63

4 addition reactions of alkenes

Answer 63

-halogenation -hydration -hydrogenation -polymerization

Question 64

ethene + bromine --> ?

Answer 64

dibromo ethane

Question 65

polymerization: vinyl chloride --> ?

Answer 65

polyvinyl chloride

Question 66

2 ways to make ethanol?

Answer 66

-fermentation -ethene + steam (water)

Question 67

what is fermentation?

Answer 67

process where yeast acts on glucose and converts it into alcohol (such as ethanol) and carbon dioxide

Question 68

3 factors of fermentation

Answer 68

-warm (25-35C) -enzyme (in yeast to catalyse) -anaerobic conditions

Question 69

what does addition of hydrogen require?

Answer 69

Pt / Ni catalyst

Question 70

where does alkane come from?

Answer 70

crude oil

Question 71

how is alkane separated?

Answer 71

fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil)