C1.5

Question 1

What is crude oil

Answer 1

A thick black oil found in some sedimentary rocks. It’s a fossil fuel made form the remains of Dead Sea animals and plants

Question 2

How did sea animals and plants become crude oil

Answer 2

When they died, they were buried by the sediment. This kept the oxygen away so they didn’t decay, over time, heat and pressure sunned hem into oil or gas

Question 3

What is crude oil mostly made from

Answer 3

Mostly made from a mixture of different length hydrocarbons. Sometimes has impurities such as sulfur

Question 4

What are fractions

Answer 4

The separate liquids separated from a mixture using a fractional distillation column

Question 5

How is crude oil separated

Answer 5

It’s heated so it boils. The different fractions can then be collected at different heights in the fractional distillation columns as they all cool at different temperature. Shorter chains condense at lower temperatures so rise higher up the column than longer chain hydrocarbons

Question 6

What are gases used for

Answer 6

Vehicle fuel, bottled gas for camping, heating and cooking in homes

Question 7

What is petrol for

Answer 7

Car fuel

Question 8

What is kerosene for

Answer 8

Fuel for planes

Question 9

What is diesel oil for

Answer 9

Fuel for Diesel engines, cars, lorries, Generators, trains

Question 10

What is fuel oil for

Answer 10

For ships and some power stations, fuel for heating and lubrication

Question 11

What is bitumen for

Answer 11

Making roads and waterproofing roofs

Question 12

How does ease of ignition, boiling point and viscosity change with length of hydro carbon chain

Answer 12

Longer it is, harder it is to infighting, higher the boiling point and the thicker and more sticky it is

Question 13

What kind of reaction is combustion

Answer 13

An oxidation reaction as the fuel reacts with oxygen

Question 14

How can you test for water

Answer 14

Anyhydrous copper sulphate turns blue

Question 15

What is the chemical reaction for complete combustion

Answer 15

Fuel + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

Question 16

What is incomplete combustion

Answer 16

Combustion that occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen so carbon and carbon monoxide are produced instead of carbon dioxide

Question 17

What defines acid rain

Answer 17

Rain with a pH lower than 5.2

Question 18

What causes acid rain

Answer 18

When hydrocarbon fuels are burnt, the impurities such as sulphur react with the with the oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, this then condenses in the clouds and joins with the water molecules to make sulphuric acid, causing acid rain

Question 19

Effects of acid rain

Answer 19

Rivers, lakes and soils become more acidic, harming the organisms living there
Damaging trees, killing them
Speeding up the weathering process of buildings made from soft materials such as limestone or marble and increasing the rate of corrosion of metal

Question 20

What are greenhouse gases and why do they have that name

Answer 20

Gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour and they trap heat in the atmosphere like a greenhouse. Without them the mean temperature on earth would be -18

Question 21

How can carbon dioxide be removed from the air using iron

Answer 21

Iron compounds can be dropped into the see (iron seeding). Iron is important for plant growth and is often in short supply. This iron encourages the growth of microscopic plants that take in the carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, these are then eaten by animals and the carbon becomes part of there shells. When the animals die, there shells will sink to the bottom of the sea, trapping the carbon dioxide for a long time

Question 22

How can carbon dioxide be removed

Answer 22

Capturing the carbon dioxide released from power stations and using it to make hydrocarbon fuels such as propane and butane

Question 23

What are biofuels

Answer 23

Fuels made from organisms that are living or recently died such as animal droppings and wood

Question 24

How can ethanol be produced

Answer 24

Fermenting wheat, sugar cane or sugar beet.

Question 25

Why is ethanol good

Answer 25

It can be mixed with petrol for car fuel so reduces the need for petrol and petrol consumption, conserving our crude oil supplies

Question 26

How is biodiesel made and what is it for

Answer 26

Made by reacting vegetable oil with other things. Can be made from rape seed oil, soya beans or used cooking oil. It can be used by diesel cars or as a mixture with diesel oil. So less diesel needed so less crude oil neede

Question 27

What is a fuel cell

Answer 27

A device that creates energy by reacting oxygen and hydrogen without burning it so the only product is water

Question 28

What makes a good fuel

Answer 28

How environmentally friendly it is, how much pollution is released How well it ignites and burns How much energy is released How easy it is to move and store

Question 29

Why is hydrogen a good fuel

Answer 29

``` Ignites easily Releases lots of energy 141.8MJ/Kg. Easy to transport, can be piped Easy to store, compressed Only product is water ```

Question 30

Why isn't hydrogen widely used

Answer 30

Not easily available Sourced from gas, separating process releases carbon dioxide Expensive to make fuel stations able to store and sell hydrogen

Question 31

How can you test if something is an alkane or an alkane

Answer 31

Bromine can be mixed with the substance. If there is no colour change, stays orange, it's a fully saturated hydrocarbon, an alkane If there is an akène, unsaturated hydrocarbon, the solution becomes colourless

Question 32

WHat happens in cracking

Answer 32

Long alkane are heated to make shorter molecules, at least one alkane and one alkene

Question 33

Why is there always an Alkene formed in cracking

Answer 33

Hydrogen and carbon atoms must balance before and after the reaction so one of the molecules will have a free Bond on a carbon so it joins with another carbon to make a carbon double bond

Question 34

What is a polymer

Answer 34

A substance made up of thousands of simple repeating units called monomers

Question 35

What is polyethene made from

Answer 35

Lots of ethene monôme s

Question 36

What is the reaction to make polyethene from ethene molecules

Answer 36

n(ethene) --- | H H | | -c-c- | | H H |n

Question 37

Uses and properties of poly(ethene)

Answer 37

Flexible, cheap, good insulator. Used for plastic bags, bottles, cling film and electrical wire insulation

Question 38

Uses and properties of poly(propène)

Answer 38

Flexible, shatterproof, high softening point. Used for buckets and bowls

Question 39

Uses and properties of poly(chloroethene) PVC

Answer 39

Tough, cheap, long lasting, good insulator. Used for pipes, window frames, insulation for wires

Question 40

Uses and properties of poly(tetrafluorethene) teflon

Answer 40

Tough, slippery, corrosion resistant, good insulator. Used for non stick frying pans, bearings, skis, containers for corrosive substances, stain proofing carpets and insulation for wires

Question 41

Chemical formuler for propène monomor

Answer 41

C2H3(CH3)

Question 42

Chemical formula for chloroethane

Answer 42

C2H3Cl

Question 43

Chemical formula for tetrafluorlethene

Answer 43

C2F4

Question 44

Why are plastics bad

Answer 44

Won't degrade so will stay in landfill sites for a long time. Can be burnout release toxic gases that need to be collected and safely disposed of