C2: Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter

Question 1

What is an ion?

Answer 1

A charged particle

Question 2

When are ions made?

Answer 2

When electrons are transferred

Question 3

Why do atoms form ions?

Answer 3

To try and gain or lose more electrons to get a full outer shell.

Question 4

What ions do metals form?

Answer 4

Positive ions

Question 5

What ions do non metals make?

Answer 5

Negative ions

Question 6

What groups are most likely to form ions?

Answer 6

1, 2, 6 and 7

Question 7

What are the 3 types of bonding?

Answer 7

Ionic, metallic, covalent

Question 8

What is an ionic compound?

Answer 8

The transfer of electrons

Question 9

How does ionic bonding work?

Answer 9

The oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic forces as opposites attract.

Question 10

What structure do ionic compounds have?

Answer 10

Regular lattice

Question 11

How is the giant ionic lattice shape held together?

Answer 11

The electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged particles, in all directions of the lattice.

Question 12

What is an example of a giant ionic lattice and what ion sit is made of?

Answer 12

Sodium chloride (table salt) is made of Na+ and Cl- ions

Question 13

What are the properties of an ionic compound?

Answer 13

1. high melting and boiling points due to the many strong ionic bonds(electrostatic)
2. don’t conduct electricity in solids but in liquids the ions are free to more so then can carry the charge

Question 14

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 14

The sharing of electrons

Question 15

What elements have covalent bonds?

Answer 15

Non metals

Question 16

Are covalent bonds strong and why?

Answer 16

They are strong as the positively charged nucleus are attracted to the negatively charged shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces.

Question 17

How do covalent bonds work?

Answer 17

Both atoms share one electron with the other.

Question 18

How many covalent bonds does element have?

Answer 18

Enough to get a full outer shell

Question 19

What is a simple molecular substance?

Answer 19

A substance made up of molecules containing few atoms joined together by covalent bonds

Question 20

What are some properties of simple molecular substances?

Answer 20

1. very strong covalent bonds but very weak forces of attraction
2. low melting and boiling points as you need to break the intermolecular forces not the covalent bond
3. don’t conduct electricity as they arn’t charged

Question 21

What is polymer?

Answer 21

A long chain of repeating units

Question 22

How are the atoms joined in polymers?

Answer 22

Covalent bonds

Question 23

Why are most polymers solid at room temperature?

Answer 23

The intermolecular forces are greater so it takes more energy to over them.

Question 24

How are the boiling points on ionic or giant molecular compounds different?

Answer 24

The intermolecular forces are weaker than ionic and giant molecular compound so they have lower boiling points

Question 25

What structures do giant covalent structure have?

Answer 25

Macromolecules

Question 26

How are the atoms bonded in giant covalent structures?

Answer 26

Strong covalent bonds

Question 27

What are the melting points like in giant covalent structures?

Answer 27

Very high as they have many strong covalent bonds that need a lot of energy to be broken.

Question 28

What are the main examples of giant covalent structures?

Answer 28

Diamond, Graphite and silicon dioxide

Question 29

What atoms are diamond and graphite made up of?

Answer 29

Carbon

Question 30

What atoms are silicon dioxide made out of?

Answer 30

Silicon and oxygen

Question 31

How is diamond structured?

Answer 31

Each carbon atom bonds to form 3 covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent structure

Question 32

How is graphite structured?

Answer 32

Each carbon atoms forms 3 covalent bonds to create layers of hexagons. Each carbon atoms also has a delocalised electron.

Question 33

What are the properties of diamond?

Answer 33

. very hard as of the covalent bonds . very high boiling and melting point . doesn't conduct electricity

Question 34

What are the properties of graphite?

Answer 34

. slide over each other a s the layers are held weakly together . high melting point . conducts electricity

Question 35

What can graphite be used for?

Answer 35

Lubricating matter

Question 36

What is graphene?

Answer 36

One layer of graphite

Question 37

What are the properties of graphene?

Answer 37

. strong because of the covalent bonds . conducts electricity

Question 38

What can graphene be used for?

Answer 38

To strengthen materials without adding much weight as it is only one atom thick.

Question 39

What is a fullerene?

Answer 39

A molecule of carbon that is shaped like a closed tube or hollow balls.

Question 40

What are fullerenes used for?

Answer 40

Caging other molecules

Question 41

What is an example of fullerene being used?

Answer 41

Delivering a drug to the body, lubricating matter, catalysts

Question 42

What do many fullerenes form?

Answer 42

Nanotubes

Question 43

What is a nanotube?

Answer 43

Tiny carbon cylinders

Question 44

What are the properties of a nanotube?

Answer 44

. conduct electricity and heat . don't break when stretched . very strong

Question 45

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 45

The bonds between metals

Question 46

How does metallic bonding work?

Answer 46

The metals have delocalised electrons which causes strong electrostatic forces between the positive nucleus and the electrons

Question 47

Are metallic bond weak?

Answer 47

No they are very strong due to the strong electrostatic forces

Question 48

What produces the properties in a metallic bond?

Answer 48

The delocalized electrons

Question 49

What are metals boiling and temperatures like?

Answer 49

Very high

Question 50

Are metals good conductors of heat and why?

Answer 50

Yes because the delocalised electrons can carry charge

Question 51

Why are metals mixed with other metals?

Answer 51

It makes them harder

Question 52

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

Answer 52

Different elements have different sized atoms so they distaught the shape of the pure metal making it harder fir them to slide over each other.

Question 53

What does an object state of matter depend on?

Answer 53

. material . temperature . pressure

Question 54

Why are gases free to move?

Answer 54

Very weak forces of attraction

Question 55

What is a negative of the particle theory model?

Answer 55

It doesn't show the forces so you don't know how strong they are

Question 56

Explain how substances change state when heat is added?

Answer 56

1. the particles gain more energy 2. the particles vibrate more which weakens the forces 3. at melting point the particles have enough energy to break free so a solid turns into a liquid 4. the liquid is still heated so the particles gain even more energy 5. this energy makes the particles move faster which weakens and breaks the bond that holds the liquid together 6. the particles now break their bonds and becomes a gas this is called evaporation

Question 57

What happens to the state of a substance when it is cooled?

Answer 57

1. as a gas cools, the particles no longer has energy to overcome the forces of attraction 2. bonds form between the particles 3. many bonds have now been formed so it starts to condense 4. the liquid cools so the particles more even less 5. more bonds are made 6. the particles are now held in place by these bonds are change into a solid this process is called freezing

Question 58

What are the types of nanoparticles?

Answer 58

Coarse particles, fine particles, nanoparticles

Question 59

What are coarse particles?

Answer 59

Dust

Question 60

How big are coarse particles?

Answer 60

2500nm to 10,000nm

Question 61

How big are fine particles?

Answer 61

100nm to 2500nm

Question 62

How big are nanoparticles?

Answer 62

1nm to 100nm

Question 63

How do you work out the surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 63

surface area/ volume

Question 64

What are the uses of nanoparticles?

Answer 64

Nanomedicine, catalysts, electric circuits, cosmetics

Question 65

What some disadvantages of nanoparticles?

Answer 65

We don't know the side effects of nanoparticles on health when used in medicine, they may damage the environment when washed away